Realigning Elections in American History

Realigning Elections in American History Since the dazzling triumph by Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States Presidential political race, the talk around words and expressions, for example, â€Å"political realignment† and â€Å"critical elections† haveâ become increasingly ordinary amongâ political investigators as well as in prevailing press. Political Realignments A political realignment happens when a specific gathering or class of voters changes or at the end of the day realigns with an ideological group or applicant who they vote in favor of in a specific political decision †known as a basic political decision or this realignment might be spread out over various races. Then again, â€Å"dealignment† happens when a voter gets disappointed with their present ideological group and either decides not to cast a ballot or turns into a free. These political realignments happen in races including the U.S. Administration and the U.S. Congress and are implied by power changes of the Republican and Democratic gatherings that establish ideological changes the two issues and gathering leaders. Other significant elements are administrative changes which influence crusade financing rules and voter qualification. Vital to realignment is that there is a change in voter’s conduct. 2016 Election Results In the 2016 political decision, in spite of the fact that Trump is succeeding at the hour of this composing the Electoral College by an edge of 290 to 228 votes; Clinton is winning the general mainstream vote by in excess of 600,000 votes. What's more, in this political decision, American voters gave the Republican Party a spotless force clear †the White House, the Senate and the House of Representatives. One key to the Trump triumph was that he won theâ popular vote in three of the alleged â€Å"Blue Wall† States: Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Blue Wall States are the individuals who have decidedly upheld the Democratic Party over past ten or so presidential decisions. Regarding the discretionary votes: Pennsylvania has 20, Wisconsin has 10, and Michigan has 16. Although these states were fundamental in driving Trump to triumph, note that his edge of triumph from these three states totaled approximated 112,000 votes. In the event that Clinton had won these three States, she would be the President-elect rather than Trump.â In the ten Presidential races before 2016, Wisconsin had just casted a ballot Republican on two events †1980 and 1984; Michigan voters had casted a ballot Democrat in six straight Presidential races preceding 2016; and also, in the ten Presidential decisions preceding 2016, Pennsylvania had just casted a ballot Republican on three events †1980, 1984 and 1988. V. O. Key, Jr. furthermore, Realigning Elections American political scientist V.O. Key, Jr. is most notable for his commitments to behavioralâ political science, with his significant effect being on political race studies. In his 1955 article A Theory of Critical Elections, Key clarified how the Republican Party got prevailing somewhere in the range of 1860 and 1932; and afterward how this strength moved to the Democratic Partyâ after 1932 by utilizing experimental proof to recognize various political race which Key named as â€Å"critical,† or â€Å"realigning† which brought about American voters changing their ideological group affiliations. While Key explicitly begins with 1860 which was the year that Abraham Lincoln was chosen, different researchers and political specialists have distinguished as well as perceived that there have been orderly examples or cycles which have normally occurred in the U.S. national elections.  While these researchers are not in understanding regarding the length of these examples: periods that go from each 30 to 36 years instead of 50 to 60 years; it gives the idea that the examples have some relationship with generational change. Appointment of 1800 The soonest political race which researchers have recognized as realigning was in 1800 when Thomas Jefferson vanquished the occupant John Adams. This political race moved force from George Washington and Alexander Hamilton’s Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party which was driven by Jefferson. Albeit some contend this was the introduction of the Democratic Party, in all actuality, the gathering was built up in 1828 with the appointment of Andrew Jackson. Jackson vanquished the occupant, John Quincy Adams and brought about the Southern States taking force from the first New England provinces. Appointment of 1860 As expressed above, Key clarified how the Republican Party got prevailing beginning in 1860 with the appointment of Lincoln. In spite of the fact that Lincoln was an individual from the Whig Party during his initial political vocation, as President he drove the U.S. to annul subjugation as an individual from the Republic Party. Moreover, Lincoln and the Republic Party welcomed patriotism to the United States just before what might turn into the American Civil War. Appointment of 1896 The overbuilding of railways caused a few of them, including the Reading Railroad, to go into receivership which made several banks come up short; bringing about what was the first U.S. financial downturn and is known as the Panic of 1893. This downturn caused soup lines and open rage towards the current organization and made the Populist Party the most loved to take power in the 1896 Presidential political race. In the 1896 Presidential political decision, William McKinley vanquished William Jennings Bryan and keeping in mind that this political decision was not a genuine realignment or did it by any chance meet the meaning of a basic political decision; it set the phase for how competitors would battle for office in ensuing years. Bryan had been assigned by both the Populist and Democratic gatherings. He was contradicted by the Republican McKinley who was supported by an exceptionally well off person who utilized that riches to lead a crusade that was proposed to make the people frightful of what might occur if Bryan won. Then again, Bryan utilized the railroad to make a whistle-stopâ tour offering twenty to thirty addresses daily. These battle strategies have advanced into the present day. Appointment of 1932 The 1932 political decision is broadly considered as the most notable realignment political decision in U.S. history. The nation was in the Great Depression because of the 1929 Wall Street Crash. Fair competitor Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his New Deal strategies overwhelmingly crushed officeholder Herbert Hoover by an edge of 472 to 59 Electoral Vote. This basic political decision was the underpinnings of an enormous redesign of American politics. In expansion, it changed the essence of the Democratic Party.â Appointment of 1980 The following basic political decision happened in 1980 when Republican challenger Ronald Reagan crushed the Democratic officeholder Jimmy Carter by the gigantic edge of 489 to 49 Electoral Votes. At that point, roughly 60 American’s had been held prisoner since November 4, 1979, after the U.S. Government office in Tehran had been invaded by Iranian understudies. The Reagan political race additionally denoted a realignment of the Republican Party to being more preservationist than any other time in recent memory and furthermore realized Reaganomics which was intended to fix extreme monetary issues that stood up to the country. In 1980, the Republicans likewise assumed responsibility for the Senate, which denoted the first run through since 1954 that they had control of either place of Congress. (It would not be until 1994 preceding the Republican Party would have control of both the Senate and the House at the same time.) Appointment of 2016 †Realigning Election? The genuine inquiry with deference concerning whether the 2016 political decision triumph by Trump is a â€Å"political realignment† or potentially a â€Å"critical election† isn't anything but difficult to answer seven days after the election. The United States isn't encountering interior money related trouble or confronting negative financial markers, for example, high joblessness, swelling, or expanding loan costs. The nation isn't at war, despite the fact that there are dangers of outside psychological oppression and social turmoil because of racial issues. However, it doesn't give the idea that these were significant issues or worries during this political race process.â Rather, one could contend that neither Clinton or Trump were seen by voters as being â€Å"Presidential† because of their own moral and good issues. In expansion, since absence of genuineness was a significant obstacle which Clinton endeavored to defeat all through the crusade, it is very conceivable that out of dread of what Clinton would do whenever chose, voters decided to give the Republicans control of the two places of Congress.

Michel Foucaults Subject of Power

Force is available in all circles of life. Michel Foucault has hugely molded force present in establishments. As indicated by Foucault, power is regularly utilized as a methods for intimidation. The primary way of thinking that he outlines is that force is all over the place and it picks up greatness through systems of talk (Foucault 778). This paper is an activity to comprehend the nearness of intensity inside a college campus.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Michel Foucault’s Subject of Power explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initial segment of the paper will examine the way of thinking of intensity as introduced by Foucault. Force is characterized by Foucault as a connection among gatherings and powers inside a social organization: The term â€Å"power† assigns connections among accomplices (and by that I am not thinking about a lose-lose situation however basically, and for the second remaining in the most broad terms, of an outfit of activities which prompt others and follow from each other) (Foucault 786). The force as Foucault characterizes isn't forced from inside the structure of the foundation. Rather, it emerges from relations in the general public. Foucault expresses that there are various methods of intensity †disciplinary methods of intensity and social force (Foucault 53). Force isn't identified with any organization nor does it emerge out of power. Force doesn't exist separately. It is available with different forces organized by different bodies. As indicated by Foucault, power is goes through the establishments and doesn't have a place with people. Besides, Foucault likewise shows that the idea of present day discipline has created through this new comprehension of intensity inside foundations. The panopticon framework is how force is systematized inside a cutting edge setting (Foucault, Power/Knowedlge 155). Foucault expresses that there is no â€Å"exercise of intensity without a specific economy of talks of truth† (Foucault 93). The idea of intensity as portrayed by Foucault has certain aspects: Power is found comparable to the social body and these two things coincide, Power relations are interlinked with different types of relations, These relations don't direct the idea of â€Å"prohibitions and punishments†, These talks are brought together into a unitary type of mastery. (Foucault 142) Power can be utilized for foundation of intensity, information, and competency (Foucault 781). Further, these battles can be utilized against the gathering of â€Å"domination and exploration† (Foucault 782). The inquiry that emerges is that how the force is worked out. Foucault presents the response to this question:Advertising Looking for article on theory? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Power relations, connections of correspondence, and target limits ought not thusly be befuddled. It is not necessarily the case that there is an issue of three separate spaces. Nor that there is, from one viewpoint, the field of things, of consummated method, work, and the change of the genuine; on the other that of signs, correspondence, correspondence, and the creation of importance; lastly, that of the mastery of the methods for imperative, of imbalance, and the activity of men upon other men (Foucault 786-787). The nearness of intensity inside establishments requires submission through acknowledgment of intensity relations. The control of apprenticeship is fundamental for fitting correspondence of intensity, as per Foucault. The following area of the paper will talk about how force is organized inside colleges. This area will outline the issues of intensity that is apparent inside a college grounds. Colleges are organized in three general gatherings. The principal gathering of individuals is the instructors or the teachers. They are the ones who are in control of information and in this manner, because of their bounty of information, they hold a particular control over others in the establishment. This gathering additionally has a standardized predominance in the brain of different gatherings in the college. For example, understudies understand the force that the educators have through famous talk of teacher’s prevalence. The subsequent gathering is that of the understudies. This the biggest gathering inside the instructive foundation. They are the ones who are available in the college to pick up information and in this manner, they hold a place of accommodation. Further, the third gathering incorporates others related with the college. These may incorporate the bookkeeping staff, individuals at the library, etc. These three are the general gatherings; be that as it may, there are numerous different subgroups inside these more extensive gatherings. Who has power in the colleges? In any instructive establishment, taking into account that they are the foundations of information, power is available among the individuals who have more information. As indicated by Foucault, singular teachers don't have the power.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Michel Foucault’s Subject of Power explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The force they have doesn't originate from their individual information or positions. It is the foundation of the teachers. As it were, the gathering of individuals who control the dispersal of information in an instructive establishment is the gathering that presumably holds the greatest force inside a college. Foucault states â€Å"power exists just when it put to action† (789). In the event of the gathering of understudies, the force begins from the gatherings that are shaped. For example, a student’s body, which has been chosen to speak to the directors, holds the force. The individuals from this body immediately hold the more prominent force than different individuals from the students’ body. Further, these individuals hold more noteworthy force since it is talked by the institutional apparatus that they are the ones who speak to the others to the organization, and in this manner have the more noteworthy force. Thusly, even the others inside the students’ body feel that these understudies are significant. The intensity of the understudies in the college is practically like that of ecclesiastical force, which they hold over different understudies. The others consider the students’ body nearly as a gathering of clerics who have amazing capacity to move the desires of the understudies to the overseers. Along these lines, the conviction that they are the main individuals who can ship the plans to the others is a potential manner by which the students’ body infers power. The other conceivable wellspring of intensity inside the instructive establishment is recognizable in the understudy educator connection. Unde rstudies are the subjects and the objects of accommodation, while the instructors are the wellspring of intensity. The teachers’ body, because of more noteworthy information accessible to them, holds a higher position and is the person who looks out for the understudies through instruments, for example, ventures, introductions, and assessments. The force that the educators hold is again the one that is talked to them, as opposed to the ones which emerge out of position. Subsequently, Foucault dismisses the idea of positional force, and encourages the conviction that force is one that is made through the encounter of the two bodies, for this situation , the understudies and the teachers’ body. Foucault has clarified the presence of intensity comparable to common specialists and the crooks as:Advertising Searching for exposition on theory? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Fundamentally, power is less a showdown between two enemies or the connecting of one to the next than an issue of government. †¦ â€Å"Government† didn't allude just to political structures or to the administration of states; †¦ to administer, in this sense, is to structure the conceivable field of activity of others. (Foucault 786) Hence, the force one accomplishes inside the legislature is likewise the one that the others ought to stand. Had there been no talk of the presence and the apparent predominance of the administration, force would not have become such a significant device (Fanon 176). The force that the administering bodies accepted, or some other bodies inside the colleges, was not gotten from the structure of the establishment, however from the method of activities of the individuals. The fundamental issue is that the gatherings in the college give that force rises as a round of opportunity. The procedure where one gathering or the other inside the colle ge looks for opportunity is a technique wherein power is made inside the association. As one attempts to accomplish opportunity, different attempts to tie it utilizing the principles and guidelines of the establishment. Along these lines, the administering assortments of the colleges again hold control over the understudies just as the teachers’ body. This is a winding chain of intensity and its impact reaches out to all the bodies inside the establishment. The nearness of the force inside the association, be it an instructive instinct or some other, power emerges from the convictions and impression of individuals and through the various leveled hardware. Force is a framework that is upheld through periods of talk. Along these lines, the contextual analysis of a college shows that power, as Foucault stated, emerges not from the structure of the association however through different techniques for cooperation and activities. Works Cited Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth . Paris: Grove Press, 1963. Print. Foucault, Michel. Control Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009. Print. Foucault, Michel. Force/Knowedlge. Ed. Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. Print. Foucault, Michel. â€Å"The Subject and Power.† Critical Inquiry 8.4 (1982): 777-795. Print. This exposition on Michel Foucault’s Subject of Power was composed and presented by client L1v1a to help

What is the theme in the story "The Chrysanthemums" by John Essay

What is the topic in the story The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck - Essay Example All what Elisa can perform is to watch Henry from a removed as he plays out his activity. Any sort of detail that contacts her about the farm the board is passed on in a roundabout way from Henry, who just talks indistinctly, and in with expressions of embarrassment as opposed to treating his significant other decently as an equivalent accomplice. The tinker seems cleverer when contrasted with Henry, anyway doesn't have Elisa’s energy, soul, and want for experience. According to Elisa, he may even match the abilities of tinker. However, it the person who is supported for a ride about the nation, driving a brave life that he envisions is overweight for ladies. Steinbeck utilizes the tinker and Henry alternative for the paternalism of male centric social orders in like manner: the manner in which they disregard women’s potential, the equivalent the general public does. Steinbeck diagrams that ask for sexual satisfaction is fantastically incredible and makes an individual carry on in a nonsensical manner. Henry and Elisa are in an utilitarian marriage however unconcerned and they seem to treat each other to a greater degree a kin than a mate. From the story, Elisa is an intense lady related with sexuality and ripeness yet does not have even a solitary youngster, uncovering the nonsexual character of her relationship with Henry. Notwithstanding the way that her marriage doesn't satisfy her needs, Elisa has stayed a sexual individual, a conduct that Steinbeck depicts as attractive and typical. From her disappointed sexual wants, Elisa’s fascination in the tinker is amazingly wild and ground-breaking. At the point when she tells about gazing at the star around evening time, for example, her language is through and almost explicit. She goes on her knees before him and in a place of sexual accommodation, peering and connecting towards him, as the storyteller depicts it, â€Å"like a groveling dog.† In pith, she subjects herself at the closeness of a totally new individual. The result of Elisa’s solid fascination is maybe even a lot of ruinous than the attractive quality itself.

The Battle Over Process Essay Topics for College Students and How to Win It

The Battle Over Process Essay Topics for College Students and How to Win It If you recommended no urge to waste time on choosing the best argumentative and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you've a loyal group of professionals by your side. Sometimes, there are various methods to perform the procedure, and the writer should think about the audience's knowledge. Ultimately, it's important to select topics that one feels comfortable to write on so you can do justice to them. There can be things you'll be looking at without knowing they will make great essay topics. 1 important thing that you ought to do when writing your essay is to allow it to be personal. Colleges can tell whenever your essay is merely a form essay. It's always really hard to ascertain a distinctive essay topic especially when you're writing an argumentative essay. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is crucial for your general success. The Characteristics of Process Essay Topics for College Students Always choose a topic that you could comfortably write about. When picking a topic, make sure that you decide on a process topic that you understand best. Anything which can be explained in an intriguing way may be fantastic topic. Deciding on an excellent topic makes it simpler to write since there's a need to set the reach of the topic that's neither too narrow nor too wide. Process Essay Topics for College Students - Is it a Scam? The process essay explains stages in a sequence, which is the reason why transitional words should be used also. After you choose the procedure you need to concentrate on, you then need to earn a list of steps necessary to attain the aims of the activity. Remember how much detail describing the procedure will require that you have. The way the structural design procedure is carried out from start to complete. Essentially, a process analysis essay is a how-to paper which should inform readers about how to do so mething and teach them essential things to do to reach specific objectives. Make certain you choose the best topic out of all process paper topics which you can think about. Don't be afraid to find some additional support to create your paper stick out! Or you might just order an expert paper from our experts! Argumentative essays are a few of the best that you can write as a student. Writing the college application essay is a difficult gig. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. When you apply to colleges you have chosen, you're expected to compose an essay together with the application. Colleges wish to get to learn more about you. They are not looking for perfect people. Ways To Get Funny Process Essay Topics And Ideas For Your Paper In school, whether you're taking an engineering or literature class, you must study various topics under the particular discipline your specializing in. Technology can be challenging to comprehend, particularly if you use too many t erms that might be unfamiliar to your audience. If students wish to compose an elaborate essay, they need to conduct a suitable research and execute the process themselves before actually explaining it to the reader. The student should settle on something that they're quite conversant with and will get an interest writing. Drafting a process essay can sometimes prove to be intricate and somewhat confusing for a whole lot of explanations. Once you receive an idea, the practice of writing will be much simpler. It is essential that you're keeping certain different things in mind prior to commencing the job of writing. Special attention also needs to be paid to instructions which offer clear structure that could be utilized in essay writing. Things You Won't Like About Process Essay Topics for College Students and Things You Will College is an intellectual place so attempt to convince the board that you're the correct person in their opinion. Students lead busy lives and frequent ly forget about a coming deadline. Graduate students, feel completely free round. Along with it, the possible students will likewise be able to earn payment via net banking. Ensure you make an exhaustive interpretation of each process in the most fascinating way so to capture the interest of your reader. You should select a topic that fulfills your instructor's guidelines and such that could grab the reader's interest. Also, there are a number of safety measures that they might want to warn the reader about. Also, you should know the depth of details that you will need to give to the readers. Things You Should Know About Process Essay Topics for College Students A superb way to begin a college essay writing is to write about something or somebody you admire. It's possible for you to write an essay about a specific advice which you have keep in your mind and heart. Now, the time you compose an essay might be the thing that gives it a distinctive nature. If you have the lib erty of selecting your process essay topic, describing something you're familiarized with makes everything much simpler. A proposal essay is quite easy to comprehend. It's possible for you to define a notion in your short essay. You must find decent essay topics, and the very good essay topics you should find has to be unique ones. The essay topics are categorized in various groups only for the ease of readers. The Fight Against Process Essay Topics for College Students No matter the essay, there's a particular procedure or process that you must follow to accomplish the job. How to submit an application for a study abroad program. When you haven't already mastered the process, it's going to be really hard to learn and compose all at one time. To process essay writing procedure, and there's a procedure.

From the concrete structure of the Baroque period to the...

From the concrete structure of the Baroque period to the free-form structure of the Modern period each composer brings forth a new understanding and value to their time period. Within these pieces that they creatively compose it brings new light and displays the culture of the time period. The composers each have story to tell and has each creatively constructed their own works within the diameters of their era. The music of the Baroque period was focused on having music be a tool of communication to its listeners; conveying an arousal of emotions. Composers of this time thought to use this tool to have this effect or one similar to it to correctly match music from the Roman time period. One composer that goes by the name of Georg†¦show more content†¦The piece when played by the performers of the Concert Hour aimed more focus on the bass trombone then the piano. As the bass trombone played it with dynamic and quick sounds the piano followed behind with a soothing melody to fill in the gaps that the trombone could not fill creating a solid structure of both clarity and periodic form displaying Telemann’s music proudly. Following after the Baroque period (1600-1750) and the Classical period (1750-1820) came the Romantic period (1820-1900). The Romantic period gave birth to intense energy and passion to composers to let loose their imagination to their works. This period allowed composers to put in their own feelings and emotions into the creative structure of their work. Also in addition to their emotions being intertwined with their work some composers would put in folk songs and National Anthems as well. Alexander Tcherepnin (1899-1977) is an American composer but of Russian origin. He experimented with different and new scales of music in a Franco-Russian neoclassical style, making Tcherepnin’s form or structure to be one of like rhythm and contrapuntal texture drawing inspiration from earlier classical time periods. One of his works which was performed at the Concert Hour was Andante, Op. 64 for Bass Trombone and Piano. This piece was originally written forShow MoreRelatedHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pagesa truly comprehensive discussion on the topic in such a brief essay. The student is advised to consult more advanced texts to gain further understanding of how to appreciate art more fully. HUMANITIES: What is it? †¢ The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, â€Å"humanitas† †¢ It generally refers to art, literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre—in which human subjectivity is emphasized and individual expressiveness is dramatized. HOW IMPORTANT IS HUMANITIES †¢ The fieldsRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 PagesJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The University of Chicago Press and Journal of Consumer Research, Inc. are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of ConsumerRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 PagesJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. 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Elie Wiesels Speech On Apathy - 923 Words

Kongmeng Vang Ms. Finman College Writing 11 October 27, 2017 Elie Wiesel On 1999, Elie Wiesel, a Jewish writer gave a magnificent speech about apathy. In this speech, Wiesel thanks his fellow supporters who helped him and his people when they were in danger. Wiesel talked about his own experiences and uses history that he knows and supports his concern about not taking action. He focuses on those who stay back and watch others take action, which they could as well. In the speech, he repeats a significant amount of words that have a purposeful meaning towards the reason of why being apathy is unacceptable. In Wiesel’s The Perils of Indifference speech, Wiesel influences the audience by appealing to their emotions with pathos, using anaphora†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, anaphora was in the speech to strengthen Wiesel s purpose. Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of sentences. One way that Wiesel uses anaphora in his speech is by saying, â€Å"Indifference elicits no response. Indifference is not a response. Indifference is not a beginning, it is an end† (2) The word â€Å"Indifference† is emphasized and was preached multiple times, because he knows that by doing this, the audience will understand what he is trying to get at. By doing this, he put the audience in a state of considering if they are indifferent and if they are to know the effects of it. Wiesel also says in his speech, â€Å"You fight it. You denounce it. You disarm it† (2). The word â€Å"You† is imitated to draw out that Wiesel is articulating to everyone who does not take action and is not concerned about things around them. By repeating â€Å"you†, it makes delivers a positive connotation. The positive is that, by saying â€Å"you† he means they are not late to make a change in society or the world. If he did not repeat you in front of those sentences, the audience would have not been grabbed by what he was trying to say. Anaphora in Wiesel’s speech brings an importance of purpose and how it makes his speech stronger and without the usage of anaphora, the meaning or purpose would not be easily considered. Lastly, using a determined tone towards the audience really benefited how serious the problemShow MoreRelatedThe Perils Of Indifference By Elie Wiesel939 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguishes humanity from brute nature? To speaker Elie Wiesel, caring for others is what makes humans exhibit humanity. On April 12, 1999, Elie Wiesel delivered his speech called â€Å"The Perils of Indifference† before President Clinton and the entirety of Congress. Wiesel’s speech focuses on the atrocities that had occurred in the past century, which he claimed were products of indifference, as he attempts to explain why humanity displays apathy to such tragedies. After growing up as a young Jewish

Project Procurement Management Process †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Procurement Management Process. Answer: Project Procurement Management Process It is a way of establishing relations with the suppliers to facilitate the ordering, reception, reviewing and approval of all purchases made for project implementation (de Arajo et al, 2017). Following the Victorian Government Purchasing Boards (VGPB) policies and practices as advised by his CEO, would make Jims work lengthy due to the involvement of more parties. For example, the accountable officer would need to conduct an audit of the organizations compliance with the VGPB supply policies and report back. this would bring more productivity to Federation Enterprises if it was spent on actualizing the procurement and building of the ship (Eriksson et al, 2017). For a successful procurement, Jim Kirk should ensure that his company follow the major steps involved in this process which are: Specification: the purchasing department is responsible for stipulating the required products to the vendor after thorough discussion of these item with the project manager. Supplier Contact: Federation Enterprises can then proceed to requesting for information, quotations and tenders from Vulcan Dream Tour, after ensuring that this institution is the best supplier depending on quality, cost and delivery systems. Contracting: this entails creation of a procurement contract which communicates the delivery and payment methods within the organizations project budget. Jim Kirk should ensure that the contract already made is legally enforceable and it is in the best interests of the organization. Control: to ensure successful procurement, the purchasing department must have some level of control on the procured items through tracking delivery, checking the purchased goods against the orders made and making the necessary changes to the procurement contract. Measurement: this involves coming up with a performance system to identify the success of the purchase including communications with the suppliers, performance of the procurers and Vulcan Dream Tours adherence to the products specifications. Project Management Plan It is a formal and approved document which is developed by the project manager in consideration of the stakeholders and the project teams inputs, to control, execute and monitor the project. It is meant to ensure that the project is undertaken within the set budget, completed on time and the performance is measured against the set standards and policies (Uyarra et al, 2017). Procurement Documents These are the documents involved in the procurement cycle and are crucial in the early periods of project instigation, that is, they aid in the bidding and submitting of the project proposals and work facets that makeup a project. They include; a request for quotation (RFQ), request for proposal (RFP), request for information (RFI) and amendment documents. Projects Performance Evaluation Performance Review: This is a periodic undertaking to check the running of the project and offer the required support to the project team, thus it involves direct communication with the team members. It is carried out by the project manager, while referring to the projects objectives and the expected results. A project review should be documented for future reference. Reporting: This involves communicating the project progress, forecasting future plans and gathering and disseminating project information to the relevant stakeholders. Performance reports take either graphical or tabular formats. This can be effectively done by noting the project overview, using visualized data and using the same report format consistently for easy analysis by the stakeholders. Auditing:this is done to understand the project feasibility and ensure the projects management is in sync with the objectives. Closing Phase The key considerations during project closure include acceptance of the project deliverables, finalizing the lessons learnt, and writing the project report. Risks Involved: during the closing phase several risks such as lost or damaged items in transit, one party discrediting the procurement agreement, failure by Vulcan Dream Tours to meet the products specifications.These risks can be avoided or mitigated by ensuring that the risk breakdown structure is examined and that there are serious consequences to either of the participants for failure to honor the procurement contract (Olson, D.L. and Wu, D.D., 2017). The risk arrangement on risk transfer or sharing should also be binding and both Federation Enterprises and Vulcan Dream Tours should adhere to its terms. VGPB Procurement Policies Contract Management and Disclosure Policy: this rule states that all organizations must disclose all the key details concerning the procurement contract. Since this not an under-head contract, Jim Kirk must revealall the material concerning the convention if it proves to be worth more than 100 thousand Australian dollars. Evaluation,negotiation and selection: According to this policy, assessment of the procured productsrequireshighstandardsofintegrityandorganizedapplicationofvaluationcriteriaandweightings. This is for assurance purposes that the procurement agreement has been honored and the items delivered are of good quality and cost as per the participants arrangement. References Uyarra, E., Flanagan, K., Magro, E. and Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J.M., 2017. Anchoring the innovation impacts of public procurement to place: The role of conversations.Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, p.2399654417694620. de Arajo, M.C.B., Alencar, L.H. and de Miranda Mota, C.M., 2017. Project procurement management: A structured literature review.International Journal of Project Management,35(3), pp.353-377. Olson, D.L. and Wu, D.D., 2017. Enterprise Risk Management in Projects. InEnterprise Risk Management Models(pp. 161-173). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Perrenoud, A., Lines, B.C., Savicky, J. and Sullivan, K.T., 2017. Using Best-Value Procurement to Measure the Impact of Initial Risk-Management Capability on Qualitative Construction Performance.Journal of Management in Engineering,33(5), p.04017019. Papke-Shields, K.E. and Boyer-Wright, K.M., 2017. Strategic planning characteristics applied to project management.International Journal of Project Management,35(2), pp.169-179. Eriksson, P.E. and Eriksson, P.E., 2017. Procurement strategies for enhancing exploration and exploitation in construction projects.Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction,22(2), pp.211-230.

Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues

Introduction The unexpected demise of a patient in the course of hemodialysis is an unusual happening. The occurrence of cardiac arrest in the course of dialysis is approximated to be seven people out of one-hundred thousand sessions of hemodialysis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Out of the cases of cardiac arrests that emerge, about 13 per cent of them end up in deaths in the dialysis facility and 47 per cent pass away on their way to the hospital. The reason for death in most of these instances lies in cardiac arrhythmias, which is taken to be the main frequent cause (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Cardiac arrest has as well occurred in the course of dialysis secondary to the unusual incidences of emboli, serious hemodialysis, and difficulties associated with improper dialysate handling. Pericardi al effusions are common in patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, they are normally associated with uremia or the utilization of minoxidil. The medical presentation handles the range from the establishment of resultant symptomless outburst on echocardiograph to cardiac tamponage with demise. The first instance of deadly hemopericardium emanating from holes in the vena cava was accounted in 1981. Perforations in either the vena cava or atrium dextrum in the course of hemodialysis as witnessed in 1981 is an unusual source of cardiac tamponage. This paper discusses the philosophy of nursing discipline associated with hemodialysis and cardiac issues. Area of interest Apparently, person-to-person or patient-centered care is related to the excellence of care. Significant research can make it possible for the nurses to learn and adapt patient-centered care. Research by Jablonski (2007) provides three important themes.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These themes are affiliation between the relations of patient with providers of medical care, organizations and their personal experience of disease and heath, the degree to which the organizations attempt to satisfy the requirements of patients, and integration of the views of the patients on the excellence of healthcare as offered by health care givers and devisers. In his article, Jablonski evaluated the theoretical as well as experiential studies, examined the dimensions of patients having hemodialysis and efforts of doctors and nurses with respect to cardiac issues and quality of health care (Jablonski, 2007). Research affirms that the relations between nurses and patients having hemodialysis are vital for successful use of patient-centered care. In accordance with these attempts, the area of interest for this paper investigates the practice of patient-centered care perception. After the investigation, an explanat ion of its relevance follows the various constructs for realizing patient-centered care. From around 1970, different health care groups, strategy makers, and research groups have approved and held the concept of patient-centered care. A number of studies define patient-centered care as the concern that reveres and acts in response to the needs of each patient while making sure that decisions by health care providers satisfy the ideals of patients. Patient-centered care could have significant advantages for patients via enhanced relations, suitable involvement, increased satisfaction, and quality of the health care (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Research has revealed that the greatest hindrance to successful execution of patient-centered care is the uncertainty of its designation and major constituents. Patient-centered care entails individualized care of patients anchored in particular information of each patient instead of concentrating solely on the illness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individualized care generates an inclusive healthcare advance where the doctor attempts to view the sickness through the point of view of the patient, and is quick to respond to the requirements and inclinations of the patient. The perception of individualized care encompasses several subclasses like relations, admittance, and quality of health care (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). For minorities on hemodialysis and cardiac concerns, the execution of individualized care has as well brought about a reduction of period of stay, enhanced satisfaction of patients, and successful and excellent treatment that translates to reduced costs of health care. From the point of view of nurses, through first-rate individualized care, health institutions are capable of creating a mark that retains its c lients and gains reputation. Therefore, individualized care representation is progressively identified as significant for the assurance of excellent care (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Even if many people consider that hospitals are set to satisfy the requirements of patients, there are significant chances to boost their individualized (person-to-person) care by offering medical care to each patient. In a bid to operationalize the individualized care efficiently, hospitals should aspire to assist the characteristics of individualized care via teaching, collective information, incorporated and group management, and easy availability of important information. This aspect stresses the requirement for critical adjustments in the health care structures by tackling or incorporating major issues like inequality in medical care, increased costs of health care, cardiac issues on patients having hemodialysis, and access to medical care.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Epistemological and ontological correspondence (worldviews) Studies affirm that fibrosis with no necroinflammatory substance at the point of perforation indicates chronic trauma instead of infection-associated erosion because of recent cause of illness. The symptoms of cardiac tamponage encompass the following Dyspnea Epigastric ache Muddiness Nausea Retrosternal ache Uneasiness (Jablonski, 2007, p.25). The majority of difficulties encountered by people undergoing hemodialysis are linked to their lack of abidance by the treatment prescriptions. Moreover, unsuitable consumption of foods and too much fluid by the patients could bring about undesirable effects that rarify their situations. For instance, they could encounter tremors due to failure to limit the intake of potassium. They could as well experience itching and bone aches due to unsuitable phosphate levels. In addition, too much intake of sodium and fluid could bring about undue weight increase. Intake of too much sodium co uld lead to oedema particularly near the ankles, hypertension, and problems with breathing (Jablonski, 2007). Additionally, excessive consumption of protein intensifies destruction of the kidney. Therefore, it is clear that abidance by the dietary and fluid limits will not just decrease the dangers of symptoms and health difficulties, but will as well better the quality of life of the patients. Different studies have examined the extent to which patents going through dialysis comply with the prescriptions. The results of the studies reveal substantial proof disclosing that excellent treatment with resulting kidney disease is directly associated with conformity, taking into account dietary restrictions, prescription given, and fluid limitation (Jablonski, 2007). Nevertheless, there are researches showing that these patients fail to adhere to the prescribed diet and fluid intake and given medicines. In essence, patients going through hemodialysis encounter disparate hardships in beari ng with their status and normally ignore the requirement for a remedial diet. This scenario persists until the bad effects of lack of compliance arise and turn out to be intolerable. When patients are accustomed to the effects of infringing dietary as well as fluid checks and when they deem the effects fatal, then there is a possibility that they will be extra mindful of their medical condition. Since self-regard is a learnt conduct, knowledge and teaching are precious practices that can help patients to deal with their intricate medical prescriptions. Nevertheless, when they are taught to comprehend the justification for their health prescriptions, as well as the causes and effects of their selections with regard to what they consume and drink, they are capable of coming up with wise judgments concerning whether or not to comply with the commendations. Therefore, it appears that lack of knowledge is the greatest aspect leading to non-adherence with the medical prescriptions (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). The prescriptions are particularly fluid and food limitations that consequently may cause worsening of the sickness. Incongruence The necessity of sufficient teaching and learning programs concerning medical prescriptions, specifically with a focus on fluid and food prescriptions for patients taking hemodialysis, has been under discourse in different nursing studies. Nevertheless, the incongruence involving different kinds of educational techniques and their efficiency on food and fluid adherence requires further evaluation. Oral education encompassing a person-to-person patient education in the company of a nephrology nurse is among the techniques employed for educating patients that undergo hemodialysis. Oral teaching via group education program is just as efficient as person-to-person education (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Moreover, patients have declared that group teaching is very helpful in directing them for suitable self-care. Nonetheless, a number of researchers consider that patient teaching via oral teaching programs is normally concise and do not offer a sufficient information basis, while video teaching could have a number of merits and carry out a significant task in the education process. It is clear that the application of video creates a more consequential teaching substance. Through the pictorial illustration to patients on the way they should eat and drink and other knowledge applicable to self-care, it could be anticipated that patients can keep hold of this information in a better way. More to the incongruence, there is no research that has been conducted to examine the contribution of video teaching for patients that have chronic health situations particularly with regard to renal illnesses and resulting cardiac issues for those having hemodialysis. The majority of past assessments were for surgical pre-adjustment or teaching after surgery, rape, self-assessment or prevention of sexually transmitted disea ses. In this regard, it is crucial that future research study the effects of video teaching on food and fluid adherence in patients that have taken hemodialysis (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Instances from studies Adjustable risk factors connected with cardiac arrest for patients having hemodialysis Sudden cardiac arrest denotes the most usual reason for death of patients taking hemodialysis. Although the patient is capable of being saved after the sudden cardiac arrest, there is very little possibility of lasting survival. Therefore, the major challenge in dealing with patients having end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and that need hemodialysis is the way to offer a life-sustaining health care while decreasing the risk experience for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). The best advance to this difficulty is to identify the status of patients with severe chronic kidney illness and that are specifically susceptible to sudden cardiac arrest. Research affirms that merely a decrease of glom erular filtration rate adds onto the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Nevertheless, it is clear that experience of hemodialysis as well increases the risk (Booth, Pinney, Davenport, 2010). Definitely, a greater chance of cardiac risk aspects like age, diabetes, and heart diseases amid patients having chronic kidney disease (CKD) is seen amid patients having chronic kidney disease; however, if these aspects predict sudden cardiac arrest during hemodialysis is not yet comprehensible. A section of the unfavorable effects of hemodialysis possibly emanates from non-physiological character of fast drink and electrolyte swings that arise in the course of a hemodialysis session (Green et al., 2011). In reality, epidemiological studies stress that the risk of sudden cardiac arrest is increased during hemodialysis and a noteworthy fraction of all instances of sudden cardiac arrest arise in the hemodialysis clinics. In spite of this proof, it is not clear as to whether the rise in the risk of s udden cardiac arrest is due to adjustable dialysis- explicit aspects or to the worsening of a cardiac issue. Acute cardiac issues in hemodialysis in cases of no previous cardiac sign Cardiac issues brought about by coronary artery disease signify a key reason behind death in patients having CKD taking hemodialysis. Jefferies et al. (2011) illustrated this model in their research by suggesting that coronary artery disease was higher in people having lasting sustenance hemodialysis, since coronary artery disease was evident in the majority of patients without previous signs of cardiac issues prior to start of hemodialysis. In fact, cardiac issues and deaths arise with a higher incidence in lasting sustenance hemodialysis (Jefferies et al., 2011). In different researches, long-term incidences of hemodialysis were not related to an augment in the risk of mortality rate cardiac issues. Additionally, acute myocardial infarction was highly probable to arise in a short instance after the st art of hemodialysis as compared to an extended instance of hemodialysis. The aforementioned outcomes propose that cardiac issues are highly developed and the possibility of death from cardiac issues is already high prior to having hemodialysis that could seem improbable in it to worsen cardiac issues (Jefferies et al., 2011). The aforementioned concern can be dealt with through the determination of the incidence rate of an early Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE). MACE is powerfully linked to coronary artery disease and the incidences of deaths because of cardiac issues in new patients having hemodialysis and lacking both cardiac signs and any proof of insufficient cardiac function in the course of chronic kidney disease. Since the screening for coronary artery disease is not normally conducted at the start of hemodialysis, the baseline for coronary artery disease and other aspects was evaluated between patients with and without subsequent cardiac issues happening after the start of hemodialysis. Philosophical insinuations Educational involvements through either oral or video teaching could have an influence on the food and fluid compliance of the patient. The significance of compliance is highlighted in studies, which affirm that the excellent medical treatments are of no value if a patient decides not to abide by the directions of the health care providers. Conventionally, there is no particular structure or principle for assessing adherence to the hemodialysis therapy as directed. Currently, adherence is described by different considerations like failure to attend a hemodialysis session, individualized care, and serum electrolytes. It has been found out that many adherence measures are likened to results of the acre to the patient. There are emphases that adherence measures must be quantifiable, confirmable, and perfect (Wanek et al., 2012). In essence, adherence measures must be significant for patients having hemodialysis and the cause of the disease must be isolated from other aspects and be associated with the significant outcomes. Consequently, fluid and food adherence is normally settled on by evaluating serum electrolytes among other factors. The results got from some research demonstrate that the majority of patients were acquiescent with regard to calcium, potassium, weight increase just to mention a few. The outcomes of compliance were significant since many patients are believed to have trouble in managing their sodium intake and salt being a key constituent of the majority of foods, thus suggesting little salt intake does not augur well with patients. The relationship between weight increase and activity shows that patients that spend their entire days while working as well as the ones carrying out part-time activities experienced hardships in managing their weight between hemodialysis sessions. This observation shows that employed patients find it hard to adhere to their nutritional prescriptions. The foods they often tak e contain high levels sodium thus causing them to feel thirsty and as a result take large volumes of fluids (Barnett et al., 2008). There are as well indications that education levels are related to the adherence of patients with the prescriptions. Nevertheless, some studies suggest that there is no correlation between education and adherence. As earlier stated, high levels of potassium intake could bring about instant and fatal consequences like cardiac arrest and high death rate. Therefore, patients should be more conscious and keen to control their intake of potassium. Contrary to potassium, high levels of phosphate can lead to severe consequences like bone illnesses with patients will realize these effects just after living with it for a long time (Barnett et al., 2008). Hence, patients have a tendency of believing that the effects are less noteworthy and less frightening. Even though it is reported that video teaching provides more benefits as compared to oral teaching, video t eaching does not offer adequate depiction to permit a superb conclusion with respect to calcium. Future studies In this paper, benefits of individualized care, the results of two education programs on food and fluid adherence in patients taking hemodialysis, and arising of cardiac issues have been discussed. In this study, the lasting consequences of oral teaching against video teaching on the results were not adequately discussed. In addition, the effect of patient counseling on their understanding was not examined, and this element should be discussed in future studies. Moreover, it should be discussed in details to highlight the association between understanding of information and other health results, in addition to various features of oral and video teaching and the excellence of hemodialysis care. Finally, quality of existence in patients that have undertaken hemodialysis and its relationship with teaching involvements is another key concern that future studies will need to ad dress (Albert, Buchsbaum, Li, 2007). Conclusion Effective treatment of patients with end-stage kidney disease necessitates the adherence of patients with intricate and fundamentally significant medical prescriptions. Research states that the relationship between nurses and patients taking hemodialysis are imperative for successful exploit of patient-centered care. The area of attention for this paper considers the practice of individualized care. After the examination, an elucidation of its application follows the diverse constructs for realizing individualized care. Enhancing the understanding of information of patients taking hemodialysis should be an essential section of treatment. It is fundamental that nurses highlight adherence with sodium intake to prevent the severe consequences like hypertension, weight increase, and oedema. Reference List Albert, N., Buchsbaum, R., Li, J. (2007). Randomized study of the effect of video education on heart failure healthcare utilization, s ymptoms, and self-care behaviors. Patient Education and Counseling, 69(1), 129–139. Barnett, T., Li Yoong, T., Pinikahana J., Si-Yen, T. (2008). Fluid compliance among patients having haemodialysis: can an educational program make a difference? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61, 300–306. Booth, J., Pinney, J., Davenport, A. (2010). N-terminal proBNP—marker of cardiac dysfunction, fluid overload, or malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 5(6), 1026-1040. Green, D., Roberts, R., New, I., Kalra, A. (2011). Sudden cardiac death in hemodialysis patients: an in-depth review. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 57(6), 921-929. Jablonski, A. (2007). The multidimensional characteristics of symptoms reported by patients on hemodialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 34(1), 22-29. Jefferies, H., Virk, B., Schiller, B., Moran, J., McIntyre, C. W. (2011). Frequent hemodialysis schedules are associated with reduced leve ls of dialysis-induced cardiac injury (myocardial stunning). Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 6(6), 1326-1332. Wanek, R., Horn, E., Elapavaluru, S., Baroody, C., Sokos, G. (2012). Safe use of hemodialysis for dabigatran removal before cardiac surgery. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 46(9), 21-25. This essay on Philosophy of Nursing Science Associated with Hemodialysis and Cardiac Issues was written and submitted by user Mat Moth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Romantic or Real Essay Romanticism cannot be identified with a single style, technique, or attitude, but romantic painting is generally characterized by a highly imaginative and subjective approach, emotional intensity, and a dreamlike or visionary quality. Romantic art characteristically strives to express by suggestion, states of feeling too intense, mystical, or elusive to be clearly defined. Realism, on the other hand, is an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been made periodically throughout history in all the arts; the term is, however, generally restricted to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly subjective approach of romanticism. The works of John Constable and Honorà © Daumier show the great differences in Romantic characteristics and Realist characteristics, both with the subjects they painted and the styles that they used to paint. John Constable was an English painter who was known for his landscape painting in the romantic style (Encarta). Constable was a leader in presenting an idealized image of rural life and nature. He infused quiet English landscapes with profound feeling. Constables The Hay Wain is a countryside scene. It helped to add features to the romantic motifs, such as streams, country cottages, and farmland scenes (Matthews and Platt 465). One could almost hear the wind blowing through the trees and sound of running water. The visionary or dreamlike quality is portrayed in this painting with the use of natural coloring and lighting. He was known to focus on the intangible qualities, like the conditions of light, sky and atmosphere, than with the concrete details of a scene. He achieved a freshness of vision through the use of luminous colors and bold, thick brushwork. With the play of individual imagination, Constable gave expression to emotion and mood. Honorà © Daumier was a French painter who focused on the realistic themes of everyday life (Encarta). Unlike the themes of Constable and Romanticism, Daumier wanted to be realistic and paint everyday events involving ordinary people. In his painting The Third Class Carriage, Daumier displays the  everyday middle class peasants on a train. He does not give each person individual characteristics but instead uses stereotypes (Matthews Platt 498). He uses dark, muted colors instead of luminous colors like Constable. His free brushwork gives the painting an almost unfinished quality. He also chooses to focus on the separateness of each traveler even though they are all so close together in this small train car. There is no imagination at work here; this is strictly a painting of everyday life as Daumier sees it. Romanticism and Realism are like night and day. One shows the imagination at work and the other focuses on the harsh reality of the everyday world. Constable and Daumier use two different styles of painting. Constable uses luminous colors and bold brushwork to bring his painting the The Hay Wain together as a whole, while Daumier with his dark tones and free brushwork chooses to separate his subjects in The Third Class Carriage. Works Cited Constable, John and Daumier, Honorà ©. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001. 1997-2001 Microsoft Corporation. . Matthews, Roy T., and F. DeWitt Platt. The Western Humanities. 4th ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 2001.

Far and Away :: essays research papers

Far and Away fades in with a slow fly-over shot of a crashing Atlantic Ocean on a partly sunny day, off the coast of what could not be mistaken for anywhere but Ireland. The wide-angled overhead continues, and the film title emerges as the camera lifts up and over the craggy cliffs and shoreline of rural Ireland; our sense of place reinforced by a backing of cheery Celtic flute music. The opening credits continue to roll as the camera glides over a lush green, hilly landscape, accented by late afternoon silhouettes of the partial cloud cover, and perhaps best described by Carolyn James in her review as â€Å"picturesque in the manner of an Irish Spring soap commercial†. Gradually, what we assume to be a late 19th century Irish village comes into view, characterized by a handful of rudimentary stone buildings, narrow carriage roads, and stone walls. The camera view switches to brief shot of the street level in the village, the music replaced by the bustle of the everyday activities of the townspeople, before taking us into the local pub. It should be noted here that from street level, this village does not much resemble the romantic vision of the same village provided by the aerial shot. Even in such a short shot, the village appears more urban than it probably should, and if not for the natural light, would not differ greatly from the scenes of urban Boston later in the film. It is in the pub that we first meet Joseph’s father (Joe) and a friend (McGuire) who appear to be perpetuating stereotypes by sharing a drink (or two) in the middle of the day and singing a favourite drinking refrain before being summoned to the street by a local to protest the arrival of a rent collecting protestant landlord. The camera scrambles to follow the protest out into the street as the villagers yell and throw debris at the landlord’s carriage and horses. Here the early comedic groundwork of the film is set as the scene essentially stops to allow Joe to blurt out a semi-drunken slurred barb toward the landlord, to which McGuire responds with a coy smile and a sarcastic â€Å"You told him† type response. The protest resumes (or, at least the film refocuses on the protest), and in the chaos of the landlord trying to escape the villagers, his horses and/or carriage knock over some sort of infrastructure (it is quite unclear what actually happens here) whic h falls on, and injuries Joe gravely.

Economics Of The Movie Business Essay

In this section I provide a review of the movie business with an emphasis on how blind bidding evolved from the Golden Age of Hollywood in the 1930‘s and 1940‘s until its demise in the beginning of 1986. For many decades blind bidding was not a concern for theater owners, because it was not the dominant method by which films were licensed. During the Golden Age, block booking was the way a majority of films were licensed. With this method, high and low quality films were sold together in a bundle to theater owners, without an opportunity to trade screen them. The landmark United States vs. Paramount et al. decision by the Supreme Court in 1948 altered the motion picture distribution system. The five major movie companies that produced, distributed, and operated theaters as well as the three studios which did not own theaters were all found in violation of the Sherman Act for attempting to monopolize the industry. One of the major consequences of this decision was the elimination of block booking. After the Paramount decision, films were licensed by product splitting, open bidding, or blind bidding. Product splitting was when theater owners decided among themselves which one had the first opportunity to negotiate for a film with a movie studio in a given market. Open bidding referred to a situation in which theater owners had the opportunity to trade screen films before bidding. Blind bidding was used infrequently until the 1960‘s, which prompted a two-year agreement from January 1, 1969 to January 1, 1971 between the movie companies and the Department of Justice. This agreement limited 1 9 the number of films which could be blind bid to three per studio per year. The two-year agreement was renewed twice, which limited the practice through January 1, 1975. However, the Department of Justice revoked all restrictions limiting blind bidding after this date and the practice accelerated rapidly. Movie companies perceived blind bidding as a necessary way to finance blockbuster films, and it persisted for an eleven year period from 1975-1985. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, I will review the economic literature on blind bidding, exit, and natural experiments. The selected papers motivate my empirical model of the effects of blind bidding. Section 2. 1 discusses the blind bidding literature. Section 2. 2 surveys natural experiments testing the impact of a policy change. 2. 1 Blind Bidding In this section, I discuss two studies which arrive at different conclusions about the impact of the anti-blind bidding laws. Although neither study addresses explicitly the issues of exit, admission prices, and delays, the empirical findings are relevent. Blumenthal (1998) finds that average bids are lower for blind bid theater owners and as a result their returns are higher. However, since the returns of blind bid theater owners are more volatile, she concludes risk averse theater owners are worse off under blind bidding, legitimizing their efforts to pass anti-blind bidding laws. Forsythe, Isaac, and Palfrey (1989) model the behavior of n buyers and one seller in a sealed-bid, first-price auction. They conclude that the anti-blind bidding laws were unnecessary as buyers would learn that a seller withholds information when it is unfavorable. A seller would abandon blind bidding once all buyers learn that withholding information was in the seller‘s best interest and not theirs. I find that practices in the motion picture industry were not consistent with this prediction, because the movie companies trade screened unfavorable films and blind bid highly anticipated films. Blumenthal (1988) justifies theater owners‘ rationale to seek relief from blind bidding by showing that they experience lower utility in blind-bid environments than preview ones. The author uses generalized least squares to test three hypotheses about film bids or film returns for blind-bid and trade screen theaters using the rental terms of 18 films from a national theater chain in 1982. First, she hypothesizes that theater owners in blind-bid states submit lower bids, because in accordance with economic theory, bidders reduce their bids on average in an auction where there is uncertainty about the value of a product. Second, blind-bid theater owners place a greater emphasis on the limited information contained in a bid letter. Therefore, bid letter information will explain a larger percentage of the variance for bids in blind-bid theaters than trade screen ones. Third, mean returns are higher for blind-bid theaters, but they experience greater volatility than trade screen theaters. Depending on the hypothesis in question, the dependent variable is either film bids or film returns. 1 She includes film budget and saturation as predictor variables, since higher budgeted films and wider released films would be an indication of larger expected returns by the movie companies. Other independent variables include theater operating expenses, an indicator variable signifying theaters in blind bid states, and the number of movie theaters located within the metropolitan area. The Film returns are the box office revenue less the price paid for the film. blind bidding dummy variable was interacted with film budget and saturation to test the second hypothesis. The author finds theater owners submit lower average bids in blind bidding states than in trade screen ones. With regards to the second hypothesis, blindbid theater owners place a greater emphasis on bid letter information: for every million dollar increase in film cost, blind bid theater owners bid an additional $8,900 while trade screen ones bid an additional $5,100. Regarding the final hypothesis, Blumenthal models utility as a function of the mean and variance of film returns which measures the degree of risk aversion among theater owners. In terms of utility, risk averse theater owners are worse off, because higher revenues are accompanied by greater volatility. Theater owners are unable to reduce their bids enough to offset the extra volatility because of competitive forces. Using a laboratory experiment in several markets, Forsythe, Isaac, and Palfrey (1989) consider the anti-blind bidding laws unnecessary. They find an equilibrium where buyers learn to assume the worst about a seller‘s decision to blind bid items causing most items to no longer be blind bid. The game has a single seller versus n buyers, and the former must decide whether to reveal information about the item to all buyers. A seller reveals his information to buyers if the news is favorable, and does not if it is unfavorable. A seller obtains the highest bid if he reveals his information. The auctioned item has both a common value and private value component. After a seller decides whether to reveal their information, the item is auctioned in a sealed bid first price auction. Several possible Nash equilibria are considered in the game, but the authors focus on the ? assume the worst? solution, because all other outcomes cannot be obtained so long as the auction follows a sequential equilibrium. This type of equilibrium occurs when buyers make conjectures about a seller‘s motives when they adopt a strategy which is consistent with the seller‘s best interest. To obtain an ?assume the worst? solution, a seller continues to blind bid items as long as there is at least one unsophisticated buyer: a buyer who bids the average of all quality levels, rather than assumes the worst about no revealed information. With the passage of time, buyers learn that when a seller withholds information it is not in their interest, forcing sellers to reveal information for lower quality levels. Eventually, the market reaches a point where no items are blind bid. In five of the six blind-bid auctions, the average winning bid declines over time. Although blind bidding is not eliminated by the conclusion of the auctions, it is practiced less frequently and buyers dramatically lower their expectations for the value for the auctioned item. The authors conclude the anti-blind bidding laws are unnecessary, because with the passage of time, blind bidding would have been phased out completely. These two studies offer two important insights. Although Blumenthal (1988) concludes theater owners are worse off under blind bidding, she does not consider that theater owners can diversify the risk of films by converting to the multiplex theater. In this manner, theater owners can pool the risk of mediocre and blockbuster films rather than run the risk of exhibiting a single inferior film. Regarding Forsythe, Isaac and Palfrey (1989), if the movie companies did not reveal their information for blockbuster films, they were not obtaining the highest auction price. Since the movie companies must have acted in their own self-interest, I assume blind bidding provided some cost benefits which outweighed the decision to trade screen films. 2. 2 Natural Experiments In this section, I discuss three natural experiments which provide a reference for testing the effects of the anti-blind bidding laws on exit, admission prices, and delays. Natural experiments are often used to examine the effect of a policy change. A researcher examines two groups which have similar characteristics, one of which is exposed to a policy change while the other is not, and observes how the outcome differs between the two. Natural experiments are called quasi experiments, because the researcher has little or no control over the observed situation, which is in contrast to social experiments where researchers implement proper experimental design. Card and Krueger (1994), Milyo and Wardfogel (1999), and Bergen, Levy, Rubin and Zeliger (2004), conduct natural experiments assuming an exogenous change in a law. All three natural experiments assume the treatment effect is not correlated with the outcome variable and any uncontrolled independent variables correlated with it. Card and Krueger (1994) investigate the effect on employment of a 50 cent raise in the New Jersey minimum wage in the fast food industry. Milyo and Wardfogel (1999) examine the impact on prices of advertised and non-advertised items after a ban on liquor advertising is lifted in Rhode Island. The ban permitted retailers to charge higher prices which was considered especially helpful to small ? mom and pop‘ retailers that could not offer the price discounts of larger chains. Bergen et tal. (2004) investigate the net effects of item pricing laws for supermarkets which require that retailers label every item individually with a price tag to help ensure that consumers are not overcharged at the register. The three empirical studies conduct natural experiments in similar geographic regions. Card and Krueger (1994) compare the neighboring states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The authors use descriptive statistics from their data to argue that wages, prices, and employment measures are similar. For example, the mean starting wage for New Jersey and Pennsylvania is $4. 61 and $4. 63, respectively, before New Jersey‘s increase in the minimum wage. Bergen et tal. (2004) target a narrow tri-state region of Clifton, New Jersey, Tarrytown, New York, and Greenwich, Connecticut to study the impact of item pricing laws. Close geographic proximity is one factor for the selected towns as the greatest distance that separates the towns is only approximately 50 miles. In addition, these towns have similar population size, population densities, and access to quality public schools. Milyo and Wardforgel (1999) follow a similar strategy to Bergen et tal. (2004) by comparing adjacent states but narrowing their focus to three areas: Southern Rhode Island, Northwest Boston suburbs, and the Rhode Island and Massachusetts border. In addition, the three studies utilize multiple control groups which provide the benefit of observing how sensitive the results are to different controls. Card and Krueger (1994) compare full-time-equivalent employment (FTE) for New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but also compare FTE in New Jersey fast food stores which already paid at least the new minimum wage to those in New Jersey that paid under the new minimum. Milyo and Wardforgel (1999) compare retail prices in Rhode Island with those from Massachusetts, but also use Rhode Island wholesale prices as a second control. Bergen et tal. (2004) compare prices in New Jersey with two controls New York and Connecticut both of which have item pricing laws. However, Connecticut exempted stores from the law which installed the electronic shelf label system because it ensured that the price at the shelf was the same as the price at the register. Therefore, the authors used Connecticut stores to observe how prices differed among non item pricing law stores and those which used the electronic shelf system. I adopt the idea of multiple control groups when I examine the exit of theater owners. The Card and Krueger (1994) study has additional significance to my study because they use the difference-in-differences estimator, and I adopt this method for the analysis of admission prices. The primary benefit of this method is that the researcher is able to cancel out other industry factors which are common to the treatment and control group through second differencing. Therefore, the difference-in-differences measures the impact on the outcome solely from the policy change. These empirical studies provided some important insights on how to conduct my natural experiment on the anti-blind bidding laws. When selecting treatment and control groups, it is important to select homogenous regions so that there is a believable rationale that the control group will behave like the treatment group. Use of multiple control groups is encouraged in natural experiments to test the robustness of the results. In addition, I follow the method of Card and Krueger (1994) and use the difference-in-differences estimator to examine admission prices. Chapter 3 ADMISSION PRICES In this paper, I investigate the claims made by theater owners and movie companies about the impact of the anti-blind bidding laws on admission prices. I examine the impact of the strictest laws of Ohio and Pennsylvania, which eliminated blind bidding and placed severe restrictions on guarantees. I selected these states, because they present the strongest case for the laws having an impact according to theater owners‘ claims. I compare average admission prices in these states before and after the passage of the law with prices in two states that never had such a law. For Ohio, I compare average prices in Cleveland with those in Detroit. For Pennsylvania, I compare average prices from Philadelphia and Pittsburgh with those of Detroit. 1 Using the difference-in-differences estimator, I find some evidence that the laws raised admission prices. Theater owners argued that admission prices were higher under blind bidding, because they had to increase their prices to cover losses incurred from inferior films and to compensate for the guarantees they paid. According to theater owners, the anti-blind bidding laws would eliminate the burden of blind bidding, and in some states also guarantees, so that lower prices would follow. Movie companies claimed initially considered comparing average Philadelphia and Pittsburgh prices with those in Manhattan. I decided against using New York City as a control because prices were consistently higher there than in any other market because of the high cost of living in the area. The laws would have the opposite effect for two reasons. Theater owners would identify blockbuster films after viewing the preview, and a bidding war would ensue. Since film rentals were bid higher, this cost would be passed along to moviegoers. In addition, movie companies claimed that the anti-blind bidding laws would cause delays in the release of films, and this cost would be passed on to consumers. 3. 1 Model I consider the claims of theater owners and movie companies about admission prices to be invalid because of what is universally accepted in economics about the demand for factor inputs. The demand for a factor input (e. g. labor or capital) is a derived demand in that demand for the factor and its price is contingent upon the demand for the final product. For example, the demand for movie stars depends not only on their current salaries, but also the total tickets sold. Movie stars would be unable to command high salaries if there is not an overwhelming demand for motion pictures. Therefore, prices charged at movie theaters, an input, are determined by demand. On the other hand, admission prices are likely to differ across cities due to costs outside the control of the industry. For example, theater owners in New York City had higher rent or mortgage payments than those in Atlanta, Georgia because of the relatively high cost of land. Another factor that varied regionally was the price of labor. Theater owners facing higher minimum wages had greater variable costs than those in states with lower minimums. I expect the anti-blind bidding laws to influence admission prices if they impacted marginal costs, or if they restrict the supply of films. Although the laws did not affect theater owners‘ marginal costs, they may have impacted the movie companies‘. Additional expenses were incurred because sales prints had to be specially made for the purposes of trade screening. This cost was not present in blind bidding states. 3. 2 Data and Methods I obtained the data from Variety, which reported theaters from 15 cities on a weekly basis. Variety sampled most cities once a month with about 10 to 20 theaters per sample. The same theaters were generally sampled, but over longer periods of time, the sample changed as some exited the marketplace. I sampled each city quarterly. On occasion, Variety reported theaters which charged one dollar for admission. These observations were dropped from the data set, since they were second-run movie houses. Table 5. 1 shows the descriptive statistics for the data. Any city sampled was a representation of the metropolitan area. Therefore, the sample contained some downtown theaters as well as many suburban theaters. For example, Detroit included downtown theaters such as the Adams, Fox, and Renaissance, and theaters such as the Dearborn, Americana West, and Macomb Mall from surrounding areas of Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties. During the first year that the ant-blind bidding laws were in effect, it is not clear which films were blind bid. This is because theater owners bid on films six months to one year in advance of the release date. For example, Ohio enacted the law in October 1978, but theater owners may have been bidding for films to be released in ___________________________________________________________________________ 2 According to Barry Reardon, distributional president at Warner Brothers, the additional expense to trade screen amounted to approximately $50,000 per film in Jim Robbins, ? Distribs Adapt to AntiBlind Bid Laws? , Variety, July 3, 1985, 80. 3 A sales print is a reel of film with the movie preview. April 1979 or as far away as October 1979. The Pennsylvania law became effective in May 1980. At that date, theater owners would bid on films for November 1980 up to May 1981. I address the lagged effect of an anti-blind bidding law on films by examining average admission prices using two different treatment and control groups: 1) two years before and after a law, and 2) three years before and after a law. Table 3. 1 provides the descriptive statistics for these variables. For the Ohio law, I calculate average prices in 1976 and 1977 (pre-treatment group) and average prices in 1979 and 1980 (post-treatment group). This measures the immediate effect of the law even though some of the admission prices in 1979 will be for films which were not trade screened. For three years before and after the law, I use average prices in 1975 and 1976 compared with those in 1980 and 1981. In this case, all films in the posttreatment group were trade screened. For the Pennsylvania law, I use the same procedure for selecting the pre and post-treatment groups. I consider the passage of the Ohio and Pennsylvania laws a natural experiment, and I proceed to measure the impact of a law by using the difference-indifferences estimator defined as the change in the population means from the treatment group less the change in population means from the control group. This method has an advantage over comparing the means of the treatment and control group after the laws because the latter assumes the treatment and control groups are identical in every way except for the law. The difference-in-differences estimator makes the weaker assumption that regardless of the overall factors affecting admission prices, they affected the treatment and control groups in the same way. In order to understand the meaning of the difference-in-differences estimator, consider the interpretation of first differences between the treatment and control. The change in price in the control group informs us how prices would have behaved in the treatment group if the law was not implemented. The change in price in the treatment group tells us how the average price behaved given the enactment of the law. By taking second differences, I obtain the difference-in-differences estimator which measures the effect of the law by taking the difference in what happened with average prices compared with what would have happened to them. 3. 3 Cleveland and Detroit Figure 5. 1 displays average admission prices for Cleveland and Detroit from 1975-1981. Detroit‘s average prices remain consistently above Cleveland‘s by approximately 59 cents throughout the observed period. I examine average admission prices over time to see if the assumption that overall factors that affect them are the same for both treatment and control groups. Unobserved factors are more likely to be different if the trend in prices diverges before the treatment effect. Average admission prices for Cleveland and Detroit remain relatively steady before the implementation of the law implying the assumption of a common trend appears valid. The results for the difference-in-differences estimator are shown in Table 3. 2. Comparing average prices two years before and after the law, I find Detroit‘s prices increase by seven cents and Cleveland‘s rise by 16 cents. The seven cent increase in average prices represents how Cleveland prices would have behaved in the absence of the anti-blind bidding law. After taking second differences, I find that the Ohio law significantly increases Cleveland‘s average prices by nine cents. Examining admission prices three years before and after the law does not produce the same conclusion. Cleveland‘s and Detroit‘s average prices increase by 20 and 21 cents, respectively. The difference-in-differences estimator shows that Cleveland‘s average prices are significantly lower by one cent. 3. 4 Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Detroit Figure 5. 2 shows average prices in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh versus those in Detroit from 1977-1983. For the first two years, prices are nearly identical. In 1979 and 1980, the difference in average prices remains relatively steady at 10 and 15 cents, respectively. Beyond 1980, the difference in average prices increases, ranging from 36 to 41 cents. The assumption that factors have a common trend appears satisfied because the difference in average prices maintains itself in 1979 and 1980. The first and second differences for average admission prices are shown in Table 5. 3. Comparing average prices two years before and after the Pennsylvania law, I find Philadelphia‘s and Pittsburgh‘s average prices rise by 43 cents while Detroit‘s increases by 11 cents. Detroit‘s prices are assumed to be behaving like Philadelphia‘s and Pittsburgh‘s if Pennsylvania had never passed an anti-blind bidding law. The difference-in-differences estimator shows that the law results in a statistically significant 32 cent increase in admission prices. Comparing three years before and after the law produces a similar result, the law causes higher average admission prices for Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by 53 cents. 3. 5 Conclusion I examine the impact of the Ohio and Pennsylvania anti-blind bidding laws on admission prices and I find higher admission prices in Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh in three of the four difference-in-differences estimators. The impact of the Pennsylvania law is more robust than the Ohio law because in one case, average admission prices decline by one cent. A potential explanation for higher average admission prices is that the movie companies‘ marginal costs increased in anti-blind bidding states, because sales prints had to be produced exclusively for trade screening films.