Personal Affiliations and Networking Essay

I arrive at my place of work at 7. 00am. As soon as I arrive I have a shift change over meeting with the night staff. At this meeting I would be told if there were any problems in the night with any of the service users. Next I collect the keys to my house where I will be working. I work in house 2 where I support two service users. Once I enter the house I wake up the service users by knocking on their doors and calling their name. Once they are up I support them with personal care, this involves showering them, washing their hair and if a male service user, I assist in giving them a shave. I also prompt them to clean their teeth. I always wear gloves with any personal care for infection control and always change them for each service user. I then prepare breakfast, I give the servicers a choice, but usually this would be cereal with coffee. On an afternoon shift dinner is from then menu which the service users both plan with my support. When doing this I always wear protective gloves for hygiene reasons. My next job would then be to administer medication. I also have to wear gloves for this as well for hygiene reasons. I also have to use a medicine pot to put the meds in to pass to the service user. Once I have witnessed the medicines being taken I then sign to say they have been given. Service users normally go to their day centres between 8. 30 and 9. 00am. Once they have gone I do their washing and housework. I also use this time to make appointments if needed. These would include doctors, dentist or even hair appointments. Another role in job is to do finances for the services users. Every shift I will count their money which is locked in a cupboard I collect keys for this from the shift leader. Count the monies to see that there are no discrepancies. I would also take money for food which is done on a weekly basis. This is called cash and balance. I sign on the relevant finance sheet to record that I have done this. At the end of each shift I fill in a record called a daily sheet I record on this what I have done with the service user. These records as well as the finance sheets are confidential as must be always treated as such. This means not discussing with any irrevent people my service users finance situation and any private issues they may have. This is very important. When working with any new service users I would always firstly read their care plans. This allows me to understand the service user’s needs and the way personal care and feeding should be undertaken. It is very important I read this as every service user is different and have different needs. These plans also tell me if the service user has any communication issues i. e. ; unable to speak use sign language etc. When taking a service user out I would always read the risk assessment. This will indicate to me any problems or things needed to do before taking someone out. This could include things like service user not being able to climb stairs use escalators or having a fear of lifts. It also tells me if a service user could get violent or distressed in crowds also if any special equipment is needed this could include wheelchairs or walking aids. If a risk assessment is not available for what I want, for example taking someone to the pictures I would create a new one and get it signed off by a team leader or manager. This is a true account of my duties in my job role as a residential support worker.

Religion is the Key to Success Essay

Religion should have an impact on everyone’s life. According to Karen Armstrong, without religion, people would not be able to discover their own personal reason of life with a pure reason or purpose set by any guidelines. As a result of obtaining a good foundation of faith in your religion, it will not only positively affect your life on a personal level, but the community as a whole. If we look back at human antiquity, we commonly find that people of many different religions, traditions, and cultures had one main goal of finding the meaning of peace and purity in their own â€Å"selves†. In the seventeenth century BCE, the Hindus created a book of philosophical texts called the Upanishads, holding the main idea of finding ones sacred self, or atman. This sacred book led tranquility and serenity into the everyday lives of many Hindus. According to Armstrong, the purpose of religion has been and always should be to help us live peacefully, creatively, and even joyously. Armstrong also states that by engaging in religious practices and forms of life, people can live their lives on a higher divine plane and thus discover their own true selves. Karen Armstrong believes that religion does help people to find beneficial meanings in their lives and does allow people discover their inner selves. Throughout the passage â€Å"Homo Religiosus† written by Karen Armstrong, there are many historical events coming from various cultural and religious backgrounds that support her belief in which religion does and should play a crucial part in everyone’s lives. However, not only does religion bring harmony and principle in people’s lives, but religion also aids people in finding a legitimate meaning in their life and in the world. It helps to positively strengthen the relationship between the people leading to the elimination of greed, hatred, and pride in communities. Like Confucius beliefs, the Buddhists had a state of peace of their own. Nirvana was the natural result of a life lived according to the doctrine of Buddha’s anatta. Anatta required Buddhists to live as if though the self did not exist, which led to corruption fading away. It is stated, â€Å"His (a monk’s) greed fades away, and once his cravings disappear, he experiences the release of the mind† (Miller and Spellmeyer 37). This text states that when the people heard about annata, their hearts were occupied with joy and they immediately experienced Nirvana. As a result, people were living between each other with love, care, and ease towards one another which led to a better life style overall. The famous Confucius practice Golden Rule is also another example of religion brining peaceful meanings in ones life. Confucius, the most famous religious icon in Chinese history, clarifies the meaning behind the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule states that an individual should treat another the same way he/she would like to be treated by others. Confucius would later explain that the practice of the Golden Rule would bring people into a state of ren, which is a state of compassion and love. Although ren did bring peace and love between the people of Confucius, it is stated that it was so hard to entirely be in this state. It was stated that people had a hard time achieving a full state of ren. Nonetheless, people desired being in this pure state. Yan Hui, Confucius’s greatest student, said with a deep sigh, Yan Hui stated, â€Å"The more I strain my gaze towards it, the higher it soars. The deeper I bore down into it, the harder it becomes. I see it in front, but suddenly it is behind. Step by step, the Master skillfully lures one on. He has broadened me with culture, restrained me with ritual. Even if I wanted to stop, I could not. Just when I felt that I have exhausted every resource, something seems to rise up, standing over me sharp and clear. Yet though I long to pursue it, I can find no way of getting it all† (Miller and Spellmeyer 38). This passage explains how hard people were trying to obtain this state. Religion as defined by the mentors of great countries like India, China, and the Middle East was not something impossible, yet it was a realistic one. It was not about believing in a God or believing in a divine being. Religion was based on physical activities, disciplined work, and robust undertakings on a daily basis. Back then, religion had its real meaning of organizing ones life and basing ones life on religion. Sadly, religion has its own different inappropriate meaning nowadays. Which leads to my point of Karen Armstrong talking about how many people find the concept of God and religion so troublesome simply because they have lost sight of this important understanding. She also explains how for each separate religion, there is an ontological approach to understanding it. Many people have simply just given up on God because of self-corruption like greed, stubbornness, and impatience. In Greek mythology, it is stated, â€Å" No god can survive unless he or she is actualized by the practical activity of ritual, and people often turn against gods who fail to deliver. The rites and practices that that once made him a persuasive symbol of the sacred are no longer effective, and people have stopped participating in them. He has therefore become otiosus, an etiolated reality who for all intents and purposes has indeed died or gone away† (Miller and Spellmeyer 31). If God does not comply the peoples needs, then they will turn against this god and he/she will no longer be effective. In the passage, it is also explains how religion requires a disciplined cultivation of a different mode of consciousness. This basically means that before you perform any religious task, you must pursue ekstasis, which literally means stepping out the norm you are accustomed to. Unfortunately, nowadays people are either to lazy or lost desire to seek any religious salvation simply because many things have taking over our world like media, entertainment, sports, music etc. They pursue other means to stand outside the norm. It is like they almost feel free when they are listening to the type of music they desire, or play the type of sport they seek, or are entertained by media that they desire. Karen Armstrong proves her point â€Å" Today people who no longer find it in a religious setting resort to other outlets: music, dance, art, sex, drugs, or sport. We make a point of seeking out these experiences that touch us deep within and lift us momentarily beyond ourselves. At such times, we feel that we inhabit our humanity more fully than usual and experience an enhancement of being† (Miller and Spellmeyer 27) In conclusion, Armstrong strongly anchors her belief of religion having a positive influential affect on people’s lives, helping them find a purpose in their life, and aiding them in discovering their true selves. She has her belief backed up by many famous religious icons from different backgrounds like Buddha, Confucius, and even Greek mythology. She explained how it helps organize people’s lives, better the relationship between two people and last but not least, it helps purify a person’s whole entire life. Reassuringly, religion, does quite in fact, impacts the lives of many. Works Cited 1)Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 38. Print. 2) â€Å"Vinaya Texts, Part I (SBE 13) – Mahà ¢vagga – First Khandaka.† Internet Sacred Text Archive Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. 3) Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 37. Print. 4) Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 27. Print. 5) Miller, Richard E., and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus.† The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 31. Print. View as multi-pages

Animal Hormone Quiz

ANIMAL ORGANIZATION AND HOMEOSTASIS QUIZ ? NOTE: THIS SECTION ALSO INCLUDES THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM _____1. Which gives the correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity? ?a) organ, tissue, cell, organ system, organism ? b) cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism c) cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism ? d) organism, tissue, cell, organ system, organ ? e) tissue, cell, organ system, organism, organ _____2. Which type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue ____3. Which type of tissue is responsible for contractions that allow movement of organs or the entire body? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____4. Which type of tissue is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing a response to stimuli? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____5. Which tissue includes bone and cartilage? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____6. Which tissue includes the epidermis? a) muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____7. Digestive juices cannot leak between the epithelial cells lining the lumen because of ? a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____8. Which tissue includes blood and adipose tissue? ?a) muscle tissue  Ã‚   b) nervous tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) epithelial tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) connective tissue _____9. Which of the following statements is Not true about epithelial tissue? ?a) Flattened cells are found in squamous epithelium. ?b) Columnar epithelium is cubed-shaped with the nucleus near the upper surface of the cells. c) Simple epithelium has a single layer of cells in the tissue. ?d) Pseudostratified epithelium looks like it has multiple layers, but all the cells are attached to the same base. ?e) Epithelium lining the respiratory tract contains cilia that move particles along its surface. _____10. Which statement about epithelial tissue is Not true ? ?a) Stratified epithelium has numerous layers of cells. ?b) Epithelial tissue has one free surface and one surface attached to a basement membrane. ?c) Connections between epithelial cells include gap junctions, tight junctions, and spot ? esmosomes (adhesion junctions). ?d) Cells of the human epithelium contain a waterproof protein called keratin. ?e) Glandular epithelium that secretes its product into a duct forms the endocrine glands. _____11. Which is Not a function of connective tissue? ?a) line body surfaces and cavities ? b) bind and support body parts ? c) store energy in fat ? d) fill spaces ? e) produce blood cells _____12. Which statement about connective tissue is Not true? ?a) Connective tissue contains cells capable of differentiating into muscle and bone in animals. b) Loose connective tissue contains fibroblasts, different kinds of fibers, and a nonliving matrix. ?c) Fibrous connective tissue includes bone and cartilage. ?d) Blood is a connective tissue that contains a fluid matrix. ?e) Adipose tissue provides insulation and padding, as in skin. _____13. Which is Not a structure seen in compact bone? ?a) concentric circles of organization ? b) Haversian canals containing blood vessels and nerves. ?c) osteocytes located within lacunae ? d) bony bars and plates with irregular spaces between them ? e) cytoplasmic extensions of bone cells in canaliculi _____14. Which statement is Not true about cartilage? ?a) Cartilage cells are located in small spaces called lacunae. ?b) The matrix of cartilage includes collagen and elastic fibers. ?c) The matrix of cartilage includes calcium salts. ?d) The original skeleton of the human embryo is made of cartilage. ?e) Adults have cartilage structures that include the nose, ear, and intervertebral disks. _____15. Which statement about blood is Not true? ?a) Erythrocytes carry oxygen. ?b) Platelets are not complete cells. ?c) Platelets are involved in blood clotting. ?d) Leukocytes are involved in the body's defense against infection. e) The fluid matrix, plasma, is made by the cells in the bloodstream. _____16. Which of the following statements about muscular tissue is Not true? ?a) Skeletal muscle fibers are extremely large cells with multiple nuclei. ?b) All striated muscle is under voluntary control. ?c) Smooth muscle lacks striations. ?d) Striated muscle has bands of actin and myosin filaments perpend icular to the length of the cell. ?e) Skeletal muscle fibers form as multiple precursor cells joined to produce a single cell. _____17. Which statement about heart tissue is Not correct? a) The heart is composed mainly of cardiac muscle tissue. ?b) Cardiac muscle is not striated. ?c) Cardiac cells have a single central nucleus. ?d) Cardiac muscle movement is involuntary. _____18. The heart is made of cardiac fibers that are bound together in one interconnected mass due to ? a) shared nuclei. ?b) tight junctions. ?c) adhesion junctions (desmosomes). ?d) gap junctions. ?e) intercalated disks made of both desmosomes and gap junctions. _____19. Which statement is Not true about nervous tissue? ?a) Cells in the nervous system that conduct electrical impulses are called neurons. b) Glial cells support and protect neurons. ?c) The dendrites carry electrical impulses away from the cell body of the neuron. ?d) Nerve fibers are long axons and dendrites bound by connective tissues to form nerv es. ?e) Glial cells may provide neurons with nutrients or keep them free of cellular debris. _____20. Which structure is Not a part of the skin? ?a) stratified squamous epithelium ? b) melanocytes ? c) dermis ? d) connective tissue ? e) subcutaneous tissue _____21. The general process of gaining a tan and then losing it is best explained by which of the following? a) Melanocytes form melanin in the dead top epidermis and it is soon washed off. ?b) Melanocytes form melanin in response to sunlight but blood flow slowly carries it away. ?c) Melanocytes form melanin in response to sunlight but then reabsorb it in the absence of light. ?d) Melanocytes in the dividing layer of the epidermis produce melanin, but then cells divide and ? half are constantly being pushed to the top to flatten and be washed off. ?e) Ultraviolet light damages the subcutaneous skin cells but these dark burned cells soon are ? dissolved and replaced by healing processes. _____22. If you wash your skin and hair several times a day, you will soon have dry skin that easily ? cracks and bleeds because the oils you have removed are necessary to keep skin supple. This oil is ? a) pili secreted by arrectors. ?b) lymph secreted by lymphatic ducts. ?c) sebum secreted by sweat glands. ?d) sebum secreted by sebaceous glands. ?e) salty sweat secreted by sweat glands. _____23. Possible indications of skin cancer are ? a) an open sore that will not heal. ?b) a wart that bleeds an scabs. ?c) irregular shaped mole with grey, white, or red skin around it. ?d) All of the above are correct. e) None of the above are correct. _____24. When discussing homeostasis in body temperature, it is Not true to say that the body responds to ? a) cold by contracting the arrector pili muscles. ?b) cold by contracting skeletal muscles in shivering. ?c) cold by rerouting blood away from the skin. ?d) heat by stimulating sweat release. ?e) heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin. ____ _25. In which of the following structures would one most likely find smooth muscle? ?a) biceps muscle  Ã‚   b) heart  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) digestive tract  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) quadriceps muscle  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) gluteus maximus muscle _____26. One type of cell communicating mechanism allows materials to pass through cells and not between them. ?This is due to the nature of the cells being in direct contact with each other. An example would be found in the ? epithelial cells of the gut and is known as a(n) ? a) tight junction  Ã‚   b) gap junction  Ã‚   c) plasmodesmata  Ã‚   d) adhesion junction  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) desmosome _____27. Haversian canals and a matrix of crystals of calcium phosphate would be found in ? a) teeth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) nails  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) hooves  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) bone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) cartilage _____28. Cuboidal epithelium would be found ? a) in the walls of the heart. b) in the knees and other joints as well as in the nose and tracheal rings. ?c) on the surface of the skin. ?d) lining glands and kidney tubules, and covering the ovaries. ?e) in tendons and the sheath around voluntary muscles. _____29. An example of a positive feedback loop would be ? a) a rise in body temperatur e causing a dilation of blood vessels in the skin. ?b) the patellar reflex. ?c) the production of epithelial cells to heal a cut. ?d) blood clotting. ?e) constriction of the iris of the eye in bright light. _____30. Intercellular junctions are important in both plants and animals. Which of the ? ollowing is Not used by animals as junctions? ?a) tight junctions ? b) plasmodesmata ? c) desmosomes ? d) gap junctions ? e) communicating junctions _____31. Of the items listed, which is Not required for maintenance of life? ?a) water  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) food  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) carbon dioxide  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) pressure _____32. Homeostasis refers to ? a) changing external conditions. b) stable external conditions. ?c) changing internal conditions. d) stable internal conditions. _____33. Which of the following is Not one of the four basic types of body tissues? ?a) epithelial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) connective  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) brain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) muscle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) nervous ____34. A basement membrane occurs between ? a) muscle and nerve tissue. b) epithelial and connective tissue. ?c) connective tissue and muscle tissue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) brain and nerve tissue. _____35. Epithelial tissue functions in ? a) secretion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) absorption  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c)   protection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d)   All of the above. _____36. The muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is ? a) smooth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) skeletal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) cardiac  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) intercalated  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) None of these. _____37. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of nerve tissue? ?a) It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. b) It contains cells that respond by transmitting impulses. ?c) Its intercellular spaces are filled with collagen. ?d) Functional cells are sensitive to changes in their surrounding. _____38. Permanent wrinkling of skin is usually due to changes caused by excessive exposure to ? a) water  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) sunlight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) dry air  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d)   heat _____39. Which of the following cell types are least likely to reproduce? ?a) endothelial cells that line the digestive tract. b) fibroblasts of connective tissue. ?c) skeletal muscle cells. d)   red bone marrow cells. _____40. The subcutaneous layer is located ? a) above the epidermis. b) between the epidermis and dermis. ?c) within the dermis. d) beneath the dermis. _____41. Which of the following is Not correct concerning the skin? ?a) The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis. ?b) The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. ?c) The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and epidermis. ?d) The dermis contains smooth muscle and nerve tissue. _____42. Exocrine sweat glands ? a) are most common in the armpits and groin. ?b) respond primarily to elevated body temperature. c) respond primarily to emotional stress. ?d) usually are associated with hair follicles. _____43. Acne is a disorder involving the ? a) sweat glands   b) hair follicles  Ã‚   c) sebaceous glands  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) apocrine glands  Ã‚   e) endocrine glands _____44. Skin cells play an important role in the production of ? a) vitamin A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) vitamin B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) vitamin C  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) vit amin D  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) vitamin E _____45. The largest organ of the human body is the ? a) brain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) liver  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) stomach  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) skin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) lungs _____46. Keratin ? a) is a waterproof protein. b) fills dead cells in the dermis. c) is a skin pigment. d) All of the above are true. _____47. The dermis ? a) covers the epidermis. b) produces melanin. ?c) contains nervous tissue and blood vessels. d) consists mostly of dead cells. _____48. Which of the following is secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin? ?a) melanin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) sebum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) keratin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) sweat _____49. Hair and nails are composed primarily of ? a) sebum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) keratin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) melanin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) glands  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e) living cells _____50. Hair color and skin color are determined by ? a) keratin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) sebum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c) melanin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   d) glands

Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Safety - Essay Example For example, although a person is in a secure place such as a well-founded and guarded building if the person is haunted by psychological harm, that individual cannot be said to be safe. Safety should include not only one aspect of life but the total conditions of an individual. Hence, when there is nothing that puts someone at risk of anything in whichever of the aforementioned aspects, the circumstance is considered safe. My personal definition of safety is supported by Webster in his definition of the word as the â€Å"state or condition of freedom from danger, risk or injury†. Furthermore, Merriam-Webster dictionary defines safety as â€Å"the condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury or loss†. Although the aforementioned definitions do not specify the boundaries of the descriptions, I have taken the liberty of doing so in my personal definition of the word. I believe that my understanding and definition of safety is quite similar to its general definition. Based from the references mentioned above, it could be comprehended that the word means the absence or state of freedom from whatever brings harm, danger, hurt or injury whether it is physical, mental or

An Analysis of European Law Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Analysis of European Law - Dissertation Example The same has been compared to sovereign law of the nation. Situations and stances of certain European nations have been provided as examples while defending sovereignty of its parliament in legal cases. The concept of democracy had been interpreted and its self contradictory virtue of protecting the basic premises and provisions of democracy through legislative bodies has been illustrated as well. What you did? While attempting this research project involving the Ultimate supremacy between EU Law and Sovereignty of Parliament, the basic premises, applicability and scope of the EU law was understood. The background and supporting information surrounding the founding of the EU and its laws (the EU Law) was taken into account while preparing the report that contrasts its efficacy against parliament sovereignty. The key highlights of EU law, (treaties and legislations) were compiled and presented followed by juxtaposition with the Parliament law. How did you find your resource? Resources including journals and e-books were found on the basis of beginners’ as well as intermediate level of EU Law. Hand books and manuals were gathered that have a detailed discussion on EU Law and a comparative study with Parliament sovereignty. Details of the resources are given in the bibliography section. What did you encounter was hard? Interpretation of legal language and its jargon required considerable effort. Its wording complex as it is has to be put in simple, easy to understand language. Finding specific cases of conflict and confrontation of EU Law with Parliamentary sovereignty involved thorough research. A brief Introduction - The European Union and EU Law The European Union (EU) law formerly called as European Community Law is a pan European common authoritative body’s group of rules and regulations to be observed and adhered to by groups and individuals within the premises of the Europe. It is applicable to EU member states. The European Union Law was conc eived, formulated and effected by the European Union itself as a positive and significant forward step towards making the judiciary system more uniform and efficient across Europe. It was constituted and adopted long back in the year†¦. in order to bring the politically, demographically and culturally diverse Europe under a common law which would work to the benefit of the citizens and organisations of Europe over and above national laws. These laws have a direct or indirect effect on the European Union member states. The European Law has an effect, direct or indirect on the national laws of its member states. The European Union Law has three types of laws: 1. Primary, 2. Secondary and 3. Supplementary law. These three categories constitute and compose the European law. As discussed before the EU is a central authority composed of representatives of its member states. The European Union is composed of: 1. European Parliament, and 2. The Council of European Union Cases where the Ultimate supremacy of EU Law is tested against sovereign parliament: There are several cases where

IMC AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMC AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION - Essay Example In recent years, Integrated Marketing Communication, a newly emerging and young academic framework, has become a very strategic and magical bullet that is found to help a firm achieve sustainable competitive advantage. IMC is a careful coordination of varying promotional tools such as sales promotion, personal selling, advertising, event marketing, public relation with a view to facilitate effective brand communication along with ensuring of consistency in every message (Lamb, hair and McDaniel, 2008,p. 413). This paper discusses the advertising strategy of Milky Way and explains different promotional strategies, measuring of the effectiveness of advertising and marketing research approach. Milky Way’s advertising Strategy Milky Way bar, a chocolate bar distributed by Mars Incorporated Company headquartered in Mclean, USA, is one of the most admired and widely renowned chocolate brand name across the world. In 2012, the company launched an ad campaign labeled ‘Sorry, I w as eating a Milky Way’ to attract targeted market to a feeling that the bar is particularly irresistible. The advertising strategy used in this ad campaign seems more or less to be affective advertising strategy. Literatures including Clow and Baack (2004, p. 231) and Shimp (2008, p. 225) identified the very basic advertising strategies, that are cognitive strategy, affective strategy and brand strategy. Affective advertising strategy elicits emotions, feelings and perceptions so as to affect the reasoning process of targeted audience which in turn lead them to take a proper action (Clow and Baack, 2004, p. 234). Milky Way’s adverting campaign in the print media labeled ‘Sorry I was eating a Milky Way’ is shown in the figure below. This advertising integrated both resonance and emotional advertising techniques. This advertising provides both resonant and emotional messages to customers that a bride is quite unlikely to be present on time when she was enjoy ing the gooey caramel tastes of the Milky Way. Arens, Weigold and Arens (2008, p. 340) noted that resonance in advertising refers to echoing, reverberating and vibrating. Milky Way’s advertising is meant to catch the imagination of audience. Emotional advertising tries to reflect emotions that motivate customers’ recall of product and choice. Emotions such as reliability, happiness, pleasure, passion etc are connected to Milky Way’s advertising message. Milky Way’s advertising is meant to attract customers attraction and to influence them to recall the brand name and thus to build brand image. Measuring the effectiveness of Advertising There are basically four outcomes of an advertising effort, they are; 1) recognition and recall, 2) emotional reaction, 3) persuasion and 4) sales responses. Shimp (2008, p. 289) has clearly outlined certain techniques that can help measuring the effectiveness of an advertising. To measure the recognition and recall of cust omers, Shimp (2008, p. 289) suggests Starch Readership Service, a testing service of a company named GfK Custom Research North America to measure the reader awareness of customers through magazines, Buzzone Research Company to research consumers’ recognition through TV and Day-after recall testing to test customers’ recall after one-day of the advertisement. To measure the emotional reactions, Shimp (2008, p. 289) suggests brain imaging of customers with help of neuroscience, self-reporting of customers and physiological tests to measure any of several autonomous reactions of customers to advertising. To m

Digitizing the Physical World - Hoe organizations can benefit from Thesis

Digitizing the Physical World - Hoe organizations can benefit from digitization - Thesis Example This is happening because â€Å"individual UC (ubiquitous computing) technologies have today reached a level of maturity which allows for the development of productive business applications† (Fleisch and Thiesse, n.d., p.1930). A sea change brought in by this new advent of technologies has been that the slogan, ‘content is the king’ can now be replaced by- â€Å"user intent and context† are the determinant factors in a changed scenario (Ernst, 2008, p.3). It is from this realization that any researcher of information systems and digitization needs to start moving towards the knowledge of how organizations can benefit from digitization. The full picture of digitization in organizations can only be viewed from the perspectives of â€Å"experiential computing† (Yoo, 2010, p.215), â€Å"pervasive computing,† (De Roure, 2003) and â€Å"ubiquitous computing† (Weiser, 1993, p.2). While the utmost concern of any organization that goes for digit ization still remaining to be â€Å"permanent accessibility† of whatever is preserved or processed by the organization, a huge transformation is taking place, taking this very concern towards new heights (Morris, 2005, p.2). There is an angle shift from preservation to processing, as far as digitized data is concerned, more so in an organizational ambience. It is in relation to these changes that the question, how digitization benefits organizations, needs to be pursued. Organizations have been always using technologies â€Å"to make operations run better, faster, and cheaper† (Blair, 2004, p.64). And in an information age, the success of any organization depends on managing information in a better way (Blair, 2004, p.64). The extent of information flow via digitized media has grown to titanic proportions. For example, â€Å"estimates say the volume of business e-mail is growing at a rate of 300 percent each year, and 800 megabytes (MB) of new information is created for every man, woman, and child on the face of the earth†

Case Study - The Integumentary System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Study - The Integumentary System - Essay Example Next comes the dermis, which is considered the â€Å"true skin† (Willis, 2010). Unlike the epidermis, the dermis is made up of numerous blood vessels and nerves. The nerve endings found in this layer particularly the Meissner corpuscles sense touch, the Ruffini corpuscles sense pressure and the Pasinian corpuscles senses both pressure and vibration (Prater, 2009). Last but not the least comes the subcutaneous layer or subdermis which attaches the skin to the muscles. These particular skin layers are composed of loose connective tissues and adipose fat. The loose connective tissue links the dermis and the subcutaneous layers, while the adipose fat act as a reservoir for energy supply (Willis, 2010). The glands – Sebaceous (oil glands) and Subdoriferous (sweat glands) are located in the dermis and subcutaneous layers of the skin. The sebaceous glands secrete sebum to keep skin and hair lubricated while the sweat glands or the subdoriferous glands keeps the body from getti ng too hot and brings out small portions of waste by sweating (Willis, 2010). As people grow old, the entire integumentary system normally changes and losses efficiency making the elderly more prone to acquiring skin problems that they did not experienced before. Skin deterioration is determined by the following factors: 1) heredity (genes), 2) diets, and 3) personal habits (like smoking/drinking). The drying of the skin is a normal occurrence in the elderly because the oil glands do not produce sebum as well as when the individual was younger. Dry skin usually lead to itching, flaking and sagging (Maji, 2010) making older people’s skin break easily. Regular and prolonged exposure to the sun dries up the skin, and together with the ultraviolet rays that penetrate deep into the skin layers, irreversibly damages the collagen and elastin fibers; thus creating loose sagging skin and wrinkles (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010). In relation to the case study, since Florence Lee engaged in p rior activities like surfing and lawn bowls, the suns heat and UV rays accelerated the breakdown of the collage and elastin fibers which keeps her skin intact. Additionally, the oil glands ceased to produce sufficient lubrication to keep her skin elastic making her skin excessively dry and sensitive; so when she scratches an itch the skin easily cracks and bleeds (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010). Florence also has the habit of smoking. Smoking irreversibly hastens the body to age prematurely and permanently damages the collagen and elastin fibers resulting to formation of early wrinkles (Barrymore, 2011). This in addition to her previous activities contributed greatly to her current dry skin condition. Florence cannot tolerate hot weather or warm temperatures primarily because her skin became much thinner as she aged (LSUAgCenter.com, 2010). She cannot endure hot climates or temperatures because it either causes heat rashes that are itchy and painful; or because she may be suffering from à ¢â‚¬Å"hyperthermia†. Hyperthermia is a term that comprises a mixture of heat associated illnesses like: heat fatigue, heat stress, heat exhaustion, heat cramps and dizziness (heat syncope) (LSUAgCenter.com, 2010). Hand washing is the most basic way of eliminating germs and bacteria that can cause infection. Florence must wash her hands after toileting to remove the germs she acquired

Strategic perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic perspectives - Essay Example Additionally, the volatile economic conditions in the UK serve as major concerns for achieving consumer loyalties, which are part of the company’s mission. Based on all research findings, it has been recommended that the company utilise more promotion in public relations to expand perceptions of competent and viable corporate social responsibility focus. Additionally, based on consumer behaviour patterns and the economic conditions in the UK, it is further recommended that the company begin launching more private label brands that are aligned with discounted pricing structures. These recommendations will better align the corporate level strategy with the publicised mission of Tesco and sustain higher levels of competitive advantage for the firm. Tesco is a UK-based, multinational supermarket and general merchandise retailing organisation. This retailer giant is currently the second largest retailer, in terms of profitability, just behind Wal-Mart with revenues of  £64.83 billion in 2013 (Tesco 2013). Tesco maintains presence in 12 different countries throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Sustaining a market share of approximately 30 percent in the UK, it is considered the largest supermarket in comparison to its main competitors: Morrison’s, Sainsbury, Waitrose and Asda. This report conducts a strategic analysis of Tesco, inclusive of the external environment impacting operations and strategy with an emphasis on the UK market, the internal environment, an evaluation of its reputation from a public relations perspective, the firm’s existing strategies and a series of strategic recommendations are provided to improve its market and competitive positions. This section describes the relevancy and impact of external market forces, utilising Porter’s Five Forces Model for analysis, as well as the PESTEL framework. Tesco operates in many highly saturated competitive markets

Standard Deviation use in the Business World Essay Example for Free

Standard Deviation use in the Business World Essay Abstract This paper evaluates the role of standard deviation in business. As part of the evaluation, a brief summary of five different peer reviewed papers has been presented. Topics such as, the purpose of the study, the research questions, the hypothesis of the study, and the main findings of the study for the five papers, have been summarized by each of the learning team members. Standard Deviation use in the Business World Standard Deviation is a statistical measurement that shows how data are spread above and below the mean. The square root of the variance is the standard deviation (Cleaves, Hobbs, Noble, 2012). It plays a key role in business management, with one of its benefits being that it simplifies the determination of variability in a given symmetrical data set. In this paper, the role of Standard Deviation in business has been presented by means of summarizing five peer-reviewed papers. Summary of Paper 1 In order to understand the role of standard deviation in business world, the first paper reviewed is on the topic ‘Risk: An uncommon deviation’, by Scott, D (2006). Standard deviation has a critical role to play in evaluating the risks involved in the field of business investments. Below is the summary of the findings from the paper: Purpose of the Study The paper focused on understanding the role of using standard deviation in estimating the risks involved in investments. According to Scott (2006), historically few, if any, real world investors naturally think in terms of standard deviations when they think about risk. The traditional risk models did not take into account standard deviation. In this paper, the author has evaluated the impact of using standard deviation in enhancing risk management strategies. Research Questions The key questions discussed within this paper are 1. Does use of standard deviation help in estimating all possible outcomes involved in business investments? 2. Does use of standard deviation help in mitigating risks? Hypothesis The hypothesis used in the paper is that the risk in the real world includes a set of situations and outcomes that no model can ever capture and no statistic can ever express. However, the usage of standard deviation can possibly help in building a more predictable risk management strategy. Findings of the study Below are the findings of the study 1. Standard deviation can help in predicting many of the possible risks, but there will always be rogue risks, which are very hard to predict. Risk that can be modeled mathematically is only part of the risk. However, standard deviation can help in greatly enhancing the traditional risk evaluation models, since most of the times the performance outcomes stay within the realms of a normal distribution (Scott, 2006). 2. It is essential to diversity the risk management techniques used. According to Scott (2006), it is essential to pay attention to correlation coefficients, covariance matrices and other statistical analyses by all means, but also assess the actual financial exposure to any one issuer, economic happening or institutional structure. 3. Challenge those whose professional training encourages them to equate risk and standard deviation (Scott, 2006). Summary of Paper 2 The second paper chosen is titled â€Å"Implied Standard Deviations and Post-earnings Announcement Volatility† by Acker, D (2002). Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to investigate if there is increase in volatility of stock prices following annual earnings announcements. The study is using implied standard deviations (ISDs), which are derived from option prices to establish the day-by-day changes in volatility within the announcement period. The focus is primarily on the timing of the volatility increase, rather than on the level of increase. Research Questions 1. Can the timing of market volatility due to reaction to bad news or good news, be predicted using the ISD? 2. Is there difference in the timing of reaction between, good news, easy to interpret news vs bad news, or difficult to interpret news? 3. Is the delayed reaction to bad news a manifestation of their lower degree of earnings persistence? Hypothesis The hypothesis is that good news announcements are associated with positive returns and bad news is associated with negative returns. Announcements of bad news have generally been established to have lower earnings response coefficients. The conditions of changing volatility, the ISD of an at-the-money option can be interpreted as an estimate of the expected standard deviation of the return over the life of that option, and can therefore be used to analyze the pattern of volatility, which the market expects to occur around an announcement. Announcements of earnings per share (eps) figures with a high transitory component, whose implications for the future are more difficult to assess, should be associated with a delayed volatility reaction. Findings of the study 1. If the day of the of the anticipated volatility increase is known, then by measuring the ISD at two points before that day, the `basic volatility and the amount increase can be deduced. 2. The ISDs tend to rise before the announcement date and fall after it. The day 10 ISDs suggest that volatility rises again roughly two weeks after the announcement. 3. Announcing bad news and announcing news that is difficult to interpret both have an incremental effect on delaying the volatility reaction, but the effect of bad news appeared to be dominant. 4. Companies reporting bad news deliberately convey less precise information, thereby extending the period required by the markets to analyze its implications. 5. When there is no news, ISD and hence volatility did not appear to change significantly around the announcement. Summary of Paper 3 The third paper chosen is titled â€Å"Forecasting the pulse: How deviations from  regular patterns in online data can identify offline phenomena† by Andreas and Pascal (2013). Purpose of the Study With steady increase of data availability of human behavior collected through online social services, there is a big potential for data scientist to leverage standard deviation as the tool to conduct real time detection and analytic studies of extraordinary offline phenomena. Such detection helps build foundational marketing opportunities for social commerce. Research Questions 1. Does communication environment (i.e. facebook, twitter, match.com) has its normal state of user behavior? 2. Is there seasonal trend in the patter? How big are the variations? 3. What is the dynamic empirical state base on the historical data pattern? Do large deviations detected between system states versus empirical state work as indicators of user’s offline phenomenon? Hypothesis Large deviations between the states of the social platform as forecasted by the empirical model can be used as indicators of extraordinary events, which led users to deviate from their regular usage patterns. Findings Studies launched on Twitter base on historical usage in 2011 – 2012 concludes that each social platform has its own variable of usage pattern that is specific to individual user. The normal state of communication environment can be measure by specific variables in the data documenting the user behavior online. After removing the seasonal trends, statistic model can determine the large deviations between the state of the system as forecasted and the empirical state. These large deviations are later validated as truly extraordinary events that led the users to deviate from the normal usage patterns (Andreas Pascal, 2013). These variations act as predictors for the social companies to proactively launch market campaign to target audiences. Summary of Paper 4 The fourth paper chosen is titled â€Å"Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: a cross-country analysis†, by Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L.  (2007). Purpose of the Study Worldwide nutritional status of population can be measured using height and weight anthropometric indicators. In 1978, World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the Standard Deviation of the Z scores of these indicators remains relatively constant across population, irrespective of nutritional status. In 2006, WHO published new growth standards and purpose of study is to find whether above standards can still be used to access data quality. Research Questions 1. Are previous measures of Z scores calculation still applicable to measure worldwide nutritional status of population? 2. Can nutritional status, especially in children, from both developed and developing countries, be used as international references? 3. Will Z-score rages still apply to data collected after the application of 2006 WHO growth standards? Hypothesis Since the Z-Score scale is linear, summery statistics i.e. mean, Standard Deviation, and standard errors caused through delta of application can be computed from Z-Score values. Z-Score summery statistics is also helpful for grouping growth data, irrespective of age, sex and nationality. The summary statistics obtained for current application model can be compared with earlier references. Findings Available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) represent nationally and contains large sample sizes. As these surveys are supported by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), they can be used authentically and contain wide range of monitoring and impact evaluation indicators. As per 51 DHS surveys obtained, 32 were from 23 African countries, four from three Asian countries and 15 from eight Latin American countries. The Z scores were obtained for height for age, weight for age, and weight for height and body mass index for age. For all these four indicators, Z-score in Latin American countries were higher than in African and Asian countries, even though the Standard Deviation for all the three indicators were relatively stable and did not vary much with the Z-Score means. References Acker, D. (2002). Implied Standard Deviations and Post-earnings Announcement Volatility. Journal Of Business Finance Accounting, 29(3/4), 429. Andreas, J., Pascal, J. (2013). Forecasting the pulse: How deviations from regular patterns in online data can identify offline phenomena. Internet Research, 23(5), 589 607. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2012-0115 Cleaves, C., Hobbs, M., Noble, J. (2012). Business Math (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from VitalBook file. Scott, D. (2006). Risk: an uncommon deviation. JASSA, n.a.(2), 30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/89211018?pq-origsite=summon Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L. (2007). Standard deviation of anthropometric Z-scores as a data quality assessment tool using the 2006 WHO growth standards: A cross country analysis. World Health Organization.Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(6), 441-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/22955688 7?accountid=458

Studying the role of leadership management

Studying the role of leadership management According to Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20), leadership is referred as the most studied and least understood topic of any in the social sciences. There are more than 100 definitions of leadership having been identified in literature (Rost, 1991), and Stogdill (1974) even suggests that the definitions of leadership are as many as people who have ever tried to define it. However, there is neither any unanimously accepted definition of leadership, nor any consensus on the best way to train leaders (Bolden, 2004). Gallie (1955, cited in Grint, 2004, p. 1) defines leadership as, Leadership appears to be, like power, an essentially contested concept', whereas Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20) describes leadership as the abominable snowman, whose footprints are everywhere but who is nowhere to be seen. To summarise, the meaning of leadership is complex and includes many dimensions and it addresses many other key business/corporate, organisational, socio-cultural and personal processes. In mode rn days, it is generally popularised among commentators that charisma, inspiration, trust and consensus have been increasingly associated with leadership, but the author tends to advise they are necessary conditions for successful leadership in most situations, and there are circumstances, where other determinants are needed. Various Schools of Thoughts about Modern-day Leadership In 21st century the concepts of leadership and its definition are becoming more diversified according to various schools of thoughts. Peters (1993, p.19), explains the modern-day leadership as, Crucial to the revolution now under way so crucial that we believe the words managing and management should be discarded. Drucker (1992, p.119), having a similar point as Peters, identifies modern-day leadership as, Mundane, unromantic and boring. Its essence is performance, though Bolden (2004) is not in the favour of differentiating the details of the leadership from the management. What is more, as noted in the Jack Welchs example, General Electric Company progresses many folds in few years and the basis of this success is a candid, lucid and set guideline for a linear and prolific organization (Slater, 2003). Last but not least, Peter Scholtes (1998) leadership concentrates on systems thinking, and his opinions include leading by objectives, merit pay, performance appraisals, motivation, etc. According to Collinson (2005), followership is the essence of leadership, which means that modern-day leadership styles should be according to the personality and characteristics of the followers. The author understands from these different views that in the 21st century leadership styles, there is no one monotonous leading style in the organizations. Charisma in Modern-day Leadership Charisma is an advantage that promotes modern-day leadership performances, but it is not essential (Carpenter, 2002). Max Weber (1947) firstly defines that charisma differing leaders from ordinary people refers to special gifted magnetic charm and appeal; it gives leaders the capacity to do extraordinary things, and in particular it gives the leader exceptional powers of influence to followers. Scholars further suggest that charismatic leaders often serve as a strong role model for values that they desire others to adopt, show competence in every aspect of leadership so others trust his or her decisions, articulate clear goals and strong values, communicate high expectations for followers and show confidence in their abilities to meet those expectations (Conger, 1989; House, 1977; Shamir et al., 1993). Charismatic leaders are having deep impact on followers value, attitude and behavior, and it is suggested charisma is an important leadership attribute that motivates followers (Ilies et al., 2006). Leaders with charismatic personalities can get things done through attracting the subordinates to achieve the organisational goals more effectively, as people feel encouraged to be more devoted to their work, as a result of their admiration and respect to their leaders (Mortensen, 2008). Bill Clinton and Steve Jobs are both typical charismatic leaders. With overwhelming personal charm and vision, they successfully create their era. However, Ciulla (2004) suggests that basis of the leadership is ethics like earned trust not the charm. Tyler (2008) also advises people are lead because of their trust to the leaders, not charisma. Furthermore, it is generally agreed that leadership is ability and a skill which could be learnt over time and with the experience and maturity (Mumford et al., 2000); leaders are made not born, and charisma could be developed (Adair, 2005). Yet, Howell and Shamir (2005) also figure out that characteristics of followers sometimes determine the e fficiency of charismatic leadership. There is no denying of the importance of charisma for the leaders in the present-day leadership styles. Charisma is the capability to project the vision and thoughts regarding what the future prospects will hold upon others to bring a positive transform or change. In the light of this discussion, author understands that charisma is increasingly associated with modern-day leadership, and with the concern of other factors like the element of trust and follower, leadership in the modern-day organisations becomes more effective. The Inspirational Approach in Modern-day Leadership Inspirational leaders could positively motivate and influence people to get the best out of themselves, and accordingly pursue a far better performance of the organization (Wilson, 2010). Wilson and Rice (2004) also state that inspirational leaders are able to encourage, grow, and build up confidence of followers, through which modern organizations could benefit higher performance, even facing adversity. Robbins et al. (2010) suggest that charismatic leadership is the most common style of inspirational approach to leadership. The most striking element of the charismatic leadership is the ability to inspire astonishing performance from the followers and the team. It is also revealed that inspiration is a tactic to influence others and is associated with the research conducted by Yukl and Falbe (1990). The concept is that the leader makes a request or proposal that arouses enthusiasm by appealing to peoples values, ideals and aspirations or by increasing their confidence that they can do it. However, leaders are starting to inspire and motivate followers to perform, once trust is built up (Zeffane, 2010). Scholars claims that there are factors stimulating inspira tion, like a vision, which tells followers what they are expected to achieve and which they could always hold on (Scott, 2010). Other factors include involvement of everyone (Bilchik, 2001; Wilson, 2010), and the courage to admit personal weakness (Goffee and Jones, 2000) and so forth. Yukl and Falbe (1990) also conclude that leaders are most likely to use inspirational appeal and pressure when trying to influence subordinates, rather than their boss, or colleagues. In short, people are inspired to enthusiastically perform as well as they could, and ultimately succeed in achieving better organisational performance. Consensus and Modern-day Leadership With more and more emphasis on democracy, modern-day leadership is being increasingly associated with the consensus element in the decision making in the business organizations. Early experiments and research of Lewin et al. (1939) indicates that people are performing better, if they have been involved in the decision-making process. They also suggest leadership style to a large degree determine the performance of the group and they have categorized leadership into three styles: authoritarian, democratic and laissez faire leadership, among which democratic leadership is generally regarded as the more effective style. Consensus plays a very important role in democratic leadership, as members are encouraged to participate in the decision-making process and involved in the final decision and the agreement (Knight et al., 1999). Hence, with the support to the decision, people are better motivated and likely to perform better that they have been expected to (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). M oreover, consensus in leadership stimulates team cohesiveness, with which members cooperate more with each other (Sanders and Schyns, 2006). It is also stated effective strategic leaders understand the necessity to involve team members in consensus decision making (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). Besides, Felfe and Heinitz (2010) conclude that consensus not only largely predicts members commitments and their satisfaction, but also enhance organisational performance and leadership. Yet, Frisch (2008) argues a team cant make effective decisions if its members dont trust one another or if they fail to listen to one another. Therefore, before adopting consensus decision-making process, it is important that trust has been built up among members. It should not be neglected the decision-making ability of members in consensus process, as well as the fact that there are times authoritarian leaders work more effectively, especially facing risks and opportunities, as at least authoritarian leader ship is far less time-consuming (Lewin et al., 1939), and not everyone has the ability to tell and seize opportunities. Steve Jobs to some degree is an authoritarian leader, as no matter what other say and do, he insists that Apple should do its software and hardware all by itself even in such an open world day, as they know themselves best. It appears that Steve Jobs and his way is the path to the success of Apple. It would still appear consensus in modern-day leadership helps to sustain decisions, and to succeed a strategic leader needs to build the consensus. Trust Element in Modern-day Leadership As previously discussed, trust is shown as the basis of no matter charismatic, consensus or inspirational leadership. The importance of trust in modern organizations is widely recognized (Clegg et al., 2002), and it is increasingly important for leaders to arouse trust and faith to motivate the followers in modern organizations (Robbins et al., 2010). Martin (1998) defines trust leadership as, Leadership that is born and kept alive by the follower trust is trust leadership. According to him, followers attitudes are created by the leaders in the modern-day organisations. This allows the followers to trust the leader and trust is at the root of the leadership. Leadership is meant very little without the trust and vice versa. George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr. are some of the examples from the recent history who have innate abilities to influence the followers by appealing to their values and earning the trust. These values include trust, respect, equality and freedom and are present in the modern-day followers, too. The values practiced in the past can be duplicated and practiced today and applied to the workplaces (Martin, 1998). Attitudes determine responses, so effective leaders understand that employees attitudes are very important in achieving goals of the company. To build the trust, leaders influence employees by tapping into their values and thus a positive behavior and attitude is encouraged in both the leader and the follower. Thus, as Matthews (2010) suggests that trust is the basis to heighten and achieve productivity and profitability in modern-day businesses in addition to aligning the organisational values with the employees values. Vadell (2008) also describes the trust as the leading concept in the organisational commitment, which could be exemplified by his research about United States Air Force Officers commitment and intention to leave the military. On the other hand, leaders trust in subordinates benefits themselves in delegating power to subordinates (Leana, 1986), by which subordinates would be further motivated. Likewise, Greenberg (2009) indicates innovation more than often comes from taking risks, while trust is key determinant to inspire people to take risks; for example, Google employees are trusted to have one day a week to do whatever interests them, which gives birth to innovations like Gmail. The author understands that in the modern-day organisations and leadership styles, mutual trust between leaders and subordinates helps develop the commitment among the followers and this commitment element establish the truthfulness of the charismatic leadership style. Increasing Association of Charisma, Trust, Inspiration and Consensus with the Modern-day Leadership Theories Literature reveals charisma, trust, inspiration and consensus are all important factors of transformational leadership, which elevate followers well-being (Gillespie and Mann, 2004; Khatri, 2005; Nielsen and Munir, 2009; Liu et al., 2010; Felfe and Heinitz, 2010). Bass (1985) suggests that transformational leadership theory results into growth and empowerment of the followers, and Howell (1988) believes transformational leadership style develops dependency among the followers on the leader. This means that followers motivation, self respect and esteem all are dependent on the positive feedback and recognition from the leader. Richard Branson could well exemplify modern-day transformational leadership. In Virgin empire the individual personality of Branson is stamped all through the organization, and his values and goals derive and infuse every corner of the corporation. Charismatic transformational leaders like Branson are capable to achieve their impact by the creation of followers who personally identify with this style as well as with the work group they are with (Yukl, 1989). Conger and Kanungo (1998) suggest that the personal attachment and identification with the leaders is because of leaders charismatic style and approach and is based on referent power. Similarly, Shamir et al. (1993) suggest that role model behaviour is one main method with which leaders influence the followers. The older leadership styles such as contingency models of Fiedler (1967), Vroom and Yetton (1973) and Yukl (1989) have main focus on the identification of the leadership styles which predicts effective results depending on situational contingencies. But these theories could not advise for a continuous changing environment and circumstances. One of concepts recognised by most scholars as accurately reflecting what it is to be a leader is leadership is a trait (Rost, 1991). Stogdill (1974) studied some leadership qualities in traits that appeared more often than others, like sense of responsibility, self-confidence and emphasis on task competition. However, Shaw (1976) and Fraser (1978) identifies that leaders usually attain above average scores for the traits like motivation, ability and sociability. Rost (1991) suggests that according to the trait theory people are either born or not born with the leadership qualities that help them succeed in the leading roles. Inherited qualities for example the personality and cognitive ability are basis of the effective leadership. Author feels that sometimes traits are built or developed within the leaders. Richard Branson was not very sociable in his school life, but he has made himself the face of Virgin Group by participating in the shocking promotional and publicity stunts to g ain attention. Therefore, personality and traits are core part of modern-day leadership, but accordance to needs and wants of the business become the more rife drivers of the behavior. Modern-day leadership styles are more associated with the mix of charisma and trust to inspire the followers. Influence of Cultural Differences on Modern-day Leadership In modern days, more and more researches are focused on leaders/leadership in the context of globalization, that is global leaders/leadership (Mendenhall et al., 2008). It is also indicated despite of being a good leader in home country, one of the biggest challenges facing modern global leaders is how to lead people cross-culturally (Thomas, 2008; Deresky, 2011), as one leadership style may be effective in one culture, but fails in another (Scandura and Dorfman, 2004). DeGrosky (2011) reveals that leadership theory and practice have a great impact and are influenced by the differences among the cultures. However, the basic or fundamental principles of the leadership are same in all cultures even if leaders execute those functions in diverse ways from culture to culture. People influence others through leadership. Peoples values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours vary largely by culture (Hofstede, 1998; Walumbwa et al., 2007; Thomas, 2008), so efficiency of leadership influence diffe rs by cultures, too. In some cultures, people could be influenced successfully by applying coherent persuasion teamwork and consultation, while other cultures may be influenced successfully by using general approaches like socialising, gifting and exerting pressure (DeGrosky, 2011). For example, as Americans have an individualistic cultural style (Hofstede, 1983), in this cultural context, leadership looks more at individual leaders and personality traits, style, behavior, as well as charisma, and it is encouraged to highlight individual success; While in China, with a highly collectivism context, it is more reasonable to praise a team/group, instead of individuals. The case of the Floundering Expatriate also indicates that different leadership style is required by different cultural context. In modern-day leadership, peoples views of effectual leadership change from customary and individualistic toward collective and collaborative styles. The Global Leadership and Organisational Be havior Effectiveness project in 2004 indentifies there are universally accepted leadership characteristics worldwide. Positive leader attributes include trustworthiness, justice, confidence, honesty and so forth, while loner, non-cooperation, ruthlessness and asociality etc. are negative attributes (House et al., 2004). Conclusion Concept of modern-day leadership differs from one school of thought to other like modern-day leadership styles include simple linear, visionary, pure arts and science, systems thinking and military style, etc. However, in modern-day leadership there is no single leading style among the leaders and in the organisations. Type of the organization and followers characteristics also play an important role in deciding for the leadership style now. But the key point is that modern-day leadership is increasingly associated with charisma, inspiration, trust and consensus, as well as other determinants like followers characteristics and cultural differences. However, charisma is criticised in a positive as well as in a negative manner by different school of thoughts. When charismatic leadership style is based on the core values like paying respect and attention to the ideas of subordinates, then this brings a positive synergism for the impact of charismatic leadership style in the success of t he business processes and operations. Trust between leaders and the followers is the basis for success of charismatic leadership style. Strategic leaders and policy makers with inspirational abilities and consensus development attitudes can develop trust between them and the followers/employees. In short, charisma, inspiration and trust are linked with each other and collectively help develop commitment among the followers. 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Jury Nullification :: Jury Jurors Court Justice System Essays

Jury Nullification Jury nullification means that a jury finds a defendant innocent because the law itself is unjust, or is unjust in a particular application, and so should not be applied. So really what this means is that no mater what the law says the jury will pretty much have the right to choose weather the person is going to be guilty or innocent and that is kind of ok in some cases but then again its not in others so we should not expect our juries to judge our laws only the case that person is being tried in and they should only judge that person on all of the facts given. Amendment VI This is the sixth amendment and this tells you about what juries can do in cases of law. â€Å"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.† What all of this means is that everyone that gets convicted of a crime gets all of the same benefits weather its a misdemeanor, felony, or capital crime. Everyone get the rights to a speedy trial and an impartial jury. Some of the people in the world always ask themselves this question when in the court room â€Å" WHY DID OUR FOUNDING FATHERS EXPECT CITIZEN JURIES TO JUDGE OUR LAWS AS WELL AS THE GUILT OF THE INDIVIDUAL ?† Well the answer is really simple its Because: "If a juror accepts as the law that which the judge states then that juror has accepted the exercise of absolute authority of a government employee and has surrendered a power and right that once was the citizen's safeguard of liberty." (1788) (2 Elliots Debates, 94, Bancroft, History of the Constitution, 267) "Jury nullification of law", as it is sometimes called, is a traditional American right defended by the Founding Fathers. Those Patriots intended the jury serve as one of the tests a law must pass before it assumes enough popular authority to be enforced. Thus the Constitution provides five separate tribunals with veto power -- representatives, senate, executive, judges and jury -- that each enactment of law must pass be fore it gains the authority to punish those who choose to violate it.

Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls: Wars Effect on Man and Importance of Time :: essays research papers

Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls": War's Affect on Man and Importance of Time At first glance Hemingway's novel For Whom The Bell Tolls appears to be an action packed war novel. But underneath all the action there are underlying ideas that reveal much about how war changes a man and causes him to realize the importance of time. Hemingway reveals these ideas about war through the narrator's thoughts and through the interaction between the major characters. Hemingway shows that war brings about a personal change, that reveals much about man's individuality and that time is limited. Hemingway reveals much about the individuality of men through the relationship of Robert Jordan and Maria. When Jordan is dying at the end of the novel he says to Maria "Thou wilt go now, rabbit. But I go for thee. As long as there is one of us there is both of us. Do you understand?"(p460) We begin to understand how we as people are never truly alone but instead are always surrounded by the memories and thoughts of those we love. When two people truly fall in love they become as one. Where one goes, both go. Robert finally says to her " The me in thee. Now you go for us both. Truly. We both go in thee now. This I have promised thee. Stand up. Thou art me now. Thou art all there will be of me. Stand up." (Pg.462) By saying this Jordan reveals how man is never an individual but instead is made up of all the influences, experiences, and memories that we have shared with others. Furthermore This change came upon Jordan as a consequence of joining the war. Before the war had started he had no idea what it meant to be an individual, or to truly fall in love. Jordan says to Maria "I have never loved someone as thee. Before our cause I never new what it was like to truly live. Or to love, as I do thee" (P160). This shows how being in the war allowed him to understand what it really meant to be a man. Before the war he never lived as full a life as he does during the war. It is the essence of war which causes these changes in him. The simple character Anselmo is also changed by the war. But instead of the changes being negative as they are with many of the other characters (except Jordan), they bring upon a positive change on him. When discussing the horrors of war with Robert Jordan Anselmo mentions "The men who come to enjoy the

The Road To Salvation Essay -- essays research papers

Dhanpat Rai Shrivastava was born on July 31, 1880 in the small village of Lamahi, located near the city of Banaras in India. Although born into the Hindu Kaystha caste, made up of professionals including writers, doctors and lawyers, his family was poor. His father was a low paid postal employee. His mother died when he was only eight years old. His father remarried, but Dhanpat Rai did not like his stepmother. He studied Urdu and Persian, languages used in literature and administration in 19th century North India at a nearby school. He recalles his childhood fondly in one of his stories, so it is fairly safe to assume that he was a happy and well cared for child. Dhanpat Rai was married at the early age of fifteen. This marriage did not last long, possibly because he was rushed into the marriage by his father. He later remarried a balavidhava, or childhood widow named Shivrani Devi. This marriage was a happy one, and they had several children together. She was said to be very supportive of him throughout their lives together. Dhanpat Rai graduated from school at the age of eighteen and began to teach around the countryside. He taught for a few years in various North Indian towns while earning a college degree. Dhanpat Rai began to write when he began teaching school. He took up the pen name Premchand when he began writing. His writing was more than just a past time for him; it was an attempt to change the social structure of India. Premchand died at the age of 56 on Oc...

A Review of Fonterra Group’s Strategy and Business Model

Fonterra was formed in the October 2001 merger of the New Zealand Dairy Group (NZDG), Kiwi Cooperative Dairies, and the New Zealand Dairy Board (NZDB). It has become the world’s leading exporter of dairy products, responsible for over a third of international dairy trade. The Group is co-operatively owned by over 10,500 dairy farmers whose products make their way to customers in approximately 140 countries. Fonterra aims for global dairy leadership and its purpose is to sell their farmer shareholders’ milk (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2011). Analysis of the Dairy Industry using Porter’s Five Forces Porter's first force describes the threat of potential entrants. Barriers to entry and economies of scale are significant for new entrants. However, New Zealand’s deregulated market structure and relatively low cost might attract entrants as a base of export oriented supply and processing. The threat of new entrant is medium (Vallyon, 2003). Porter's second force is bargaining power of buyers. The New Zealand dairy industry exports 95% of the country’s dairy production. Continued consolidation of food manufacturing and retailers has the effect of reducing overall numbers of buyers in the industry and increasing their purchasing power (Vallyon, 2003). Faced with the fact that buyers face few switching costs, it is fair to say that buyers have high bargaining power in the industry. Porter's next force is bargaining power of suppliers. The dairy industry is a seller’s market with global demand exceeding supply. This opens up opportunities for other uprising overseas markets to the industry with suppliers from India, China and Brazil. Fonterra supplies are secured through the co-operatives structure and a significant threat exists if Fonterra fail to make competitive milk payouts to its farmer shareholders (Vallyon, 2003). It is clear that Fonterra suppliers have some bargaining power in the industry. Porter's fourth industry force is the threat of substitute products. Dairy milk is a unique natural product without any artificial substitutes. However there is development of alternatives including soya milks and non-dairy milks such as goat, buffalo and sheep. Danone, Unilever and Coca-cola have also made significant acquisitions or partnerships with organic milk producers. Although a dairy product, organic milk can be considered as a parallel value chain as it requires different knowledge and techniques at each stage of the process (Vallyon, 2003). In this sense, the force is low to medium. Porter’s final force is the intensity of competitive rivalry. As a global leading dairy exporter, Fonterra faces increasing threats as global competitors become aware of its size and influence in the industry. Continued consolidation of industry could see competing dairy resources being merged into larger, more efficient competitors. In the evolution of trade liberalisation, competitors may respond through increasing global growth strategies (Vallyon, 2003). Hence this force is high. Fonterra’s Strategies Fonterra’s business model is a farmer-owned co-operative, widely spread around the vertically integrated New Zealand Dairy Industry. At Fonterra, the goal is to build a business that pays the farmer shareholders the maximum sustainable price for their milk and that maximises profits from the capital invested in the Co-operative (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). To achieve this, Fonterra has three key strategies in becoming the company that is the source of natural dairy nutrition to the world. Firstly they intend to deliver sustainable co-operative performance. With its scale and reach of operations, Fonterra creates enormous logistics complexities. However, when it comes to processing, recent projects like Drier 4 at Edendale (ED4) in Southland are said to be the most efficient milk powder unit in the world. Likewise, in order to optimise the supply chain at home so to deliver product to their customers as efficiently as possible, Fonterra expanded a key cool and dry store logistics hub that has taken more than 50,000 truck movements off local roads and has largely eliminated the need for contracted storage around the Waikato (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). This is working alongside with the enhanced use of rails to move products around the country. Then elsewhere, the Group has also taken its development online with the launch of globalDairyTrade (gDT), an internet-based auction platform through which sellers offer to sell commodity dairy products (Q&As: globalDairyTrade Information Portal, 2011). In 2010 gDT has sold 359,000 metric tonnes on the platform (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Fonterra’s second strategic goal is to build trusted brands in chosen markets. Fonterra has a strategy to strengthen their positions in key regional markets where ownership of the supply chain gives a degree of competitive advantage (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). The focus has been on high growth markets within Asia/Africa/Middle East (Asia/AME) and Latin America, and the existing strong market franchises in ANZ. Anlene provides a great insight to Fonterra’s brand strategy at work. Created in Asia in 1991 to support bone health, Anlene is now the clear number one high-calcium milk brand across Asia. Priced at 30-50% above regular milks, Anlene is a trusted premium brand in the Asia market, which has an expanding middle class that is caring more about healthy nutrition for the whole family (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Additionally, Fonterra has continually restructured their investment portfolio to ensure they can capitalise on the most promising market opportunities. To support its expansion in Africa and the Middle East, they have purchased the remaining 51 per cent stake in Saudi New Zealand Milk Products (SNZMP), a dairy manufacturing facility in Saudi Arabia, has secured manufacturing capacity to support growth plans in the Middle East. Currently packing Anchor and Anlene milk powders and producing processed cheese, SNZMP supplies 20 countries in the region (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). The third strategy Fonterra have adopted is to grow lasting customer partnership with the world’s leading food and nutritional companies. The company looks to improve their ability to source and add value to dairy supply so to strengthen their position as the supplier of choice from around the world. In order to achieve it, they have focused on developing customer partnerships in premium ingredients and in foodservice solutions. Premium ingredients are products that are more advanced than standard dairy ingredients. Examples are nutritional bases for infant formula and growing-up milk powders (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Fonterra is already the preferred supplier of all five of the world’s largest infant formula companies with stronger demand from their customers to partner them. Key customers have strong growth ambitions and they are looking to Fonterra as a preferred source of high-quality paediatric nutrition products. A premium ingredients category with exciting prospects is pharmaceutical lactose, with Fonterra a world leader in lactose excipients through their joint venture with RoyalFrieslandCampina which develops, produces and markets high quality lactose used in the pharmaceutical, nutrition and food industries (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010).

Importance of Being On Time Essay

Scheduling the work day is one of the most important duties any leader in the Marine Corps or the Armed forces in general, tackles each and every day. Being at the right place at the right time for any member of the Armed forces is extremely essential to the defense of the entire United States of America. It’s because of this that being on time is remarkably important. Dependability, accountability, consistency and discipline are all crucially important for all members of the armed forces. Being on time shows that a Marine is dependable and has his or her priorities straight. Being at the appointed place of duty means to be there on time and has always been one of the most important aspects of being a Marine. Failure to be on time not only hinders mission ready capability and readiness, but also can without a doubt cost unnecessary loss of life. It is important to realize that it is necessary for those in the Armed Forces are held to a high standard. Punctuality remains and always will be an extremely vital aspect of military bearing and discipline. It has a direct correlation to a Marine appearance, combat readiness, mission effectiveness, and essentially every aspect of military life and responsibility. I cannot place enough emphasis on how important being on time constantly is. For instance; a Marine who is late or does not report at all to a place at the time ordered effectively compromises and diminishes the efficiency of which the task or mission at hand can be completed. In an extreme case a Marine who is not on time to relieve the current guard’s post would cause the combat effectiveness and readiness of the unrelieved guard to be greatly reduced. This would be caused by fatigue, or lack of supplies, etc. Consequently the guard on post could be compromised and the security of the area could be breached. These things do occur, however, they can undoubtedly be avoided by merely, once again, being on time. The importance of being on time is so you will be early to where ever you need to be and accomplish whatever you need to do. If you are early you will always have time to make sure everything that you need to do is straight and there aren’t any errors in what you need to do. It is important to be on time for work because it shows that you are dedicated in the things that you do and it can help you in moving up in your field of expertise. It is important to be on time in the military because you will be at the right place at the right time, you will be accountable for and if anything was to happen no one can accuse you of anything because you were where you were suppose to be at the right time. Whenever you show up late to something it shows that you have no discipline or respect for anyone else because now everyone has to wait for you to arrive instead of starting on time or possibly earlier. It is important to be on time because it shows leadership, commitment, loyalty and that you are responsible enough to be trusted without supervision. It is very important to be on time because it is crucial to the mission, my leadership, and me as a Marine.

Chinese Language Cinema Essay

During the 21st century China had been recognized to be one of the greatest distributors of movies throughout the world. China made a big influence when it comes to movie industry on different countries particularly on the American markets. Chinese movies had been widely appreciated by the United States. There are many Chinese actors and actresses who became famous in United States like Jackie Chan, a Chinese actor and director of action motion pictures who had become very famous because of his talent when it comes to acting, doing different creative stunts work, comic manners, and his talent in choreographing different fight sequences. When it comes to film industry and economic status, China was one of the top and biggest contributors throughout the world. China did not ceased in pursuing for success when it comes to movie and film industry. Their culture, state, as well as their different kinds of languages and beliefs became one of the primary reason why mainland China are having difficulties when it comes to producing and building up a great films that will satisfy the taste of different countries particularly the United States. On pursuing their goal in becoming one of the best and highest grosser of economy in the world, China did not waste any time to be able to create a big impact and influence to the American markets especially in the Hollywood (2000). Because of their efforts and patience in continuing their goal to be part of the top countries that are producing and importing top movies in the world, Chinese community became very successful in achieving their goal when it comes to movie industry. In the beginning of the 21st century, China also became very successful in their economic status as well as their entertainment film and Chinese cinemas (2002). All the trials and difficulties that they have encountered in the past few decades were quickly transformed to a successful and progressive country. Mainland China was also known as economic powerhouse because of their successful economic status when it comes to importing and exporting different products and films. Because of their success in economy, Mainland China surpassed other countries like France and Italy who are known to be one of the most successful countries in the world. Chinese cinema became a commodity for worldwide trade, electronics, clothing materials, and even precious and expensive metals. As a start of their successful and profitable business, film and movie industry became one of their major sources of capital and income. China became one of the most excellent importers of movies in the whole world especially in the United States (2003). In spite of China’s good production of movies, there are many criticism that been spreading about their entertainment. Negative and positive opinions as well as different comments were spreading to the public. Critics implied that some movies and films are seriously violating the culture as well as the beliefs of the Chinese community because of some unjust doings and immoral acts in the film. However other films that produce under Chinese films are making a big impact to the global society because the message of the film implies some important issues to the viewers. The Chinese filmmakers are now developing their movies and films so they can express the whole story as an art, and they have indicated a very resourceful material that can be reliable to the audience ideas as well as their point of views (2007). The Chinese filmmakers are very talented when it comes to creating good arrangements of auditory effects, different color effects, environmental forms, and cultural movements that can easily attract the viewers’ attention. In Chinese cinema, they considered their movies and films as an art, because of their aesthetic value and human works of beauty. The movies provided by the filmmakers are always related to their traditions, history, and also based on their social and political status in the society. They are giving some twist to the topic so the viewers or audience will be excited and satisfy from what they viewed.