Potential Communication Barries Essay

Mental distraction which results to taking a lot of time between when you hear something and when you speak emotional distraction   makes someone overreact to what is spoken which makes him divert attention   far away from whoever is communicating which results to the person who is addressed not getting the information. When both speaker and listener have shared knowledge, there is barrier because both of them use same vocabulary and the listener fails to take what is communicated seriously. Physical distraction for example noise that make people not understand each other properly, when the room is too warm, people occupying it may be uncomfortable and loose concentration of what is being communicated. When judgment is done by those communicated to by appearance or knowledge or making judgment without facts to support it, communication is broken down because of the listener judging the communicator by what he can see but not by what he can offer. This will make the communicated be taken lightly and what he says will not be taken seriously. Lack of interest in what is communicated and having negative attitude towards the presenter will create barrier to effective communication because even the message delivered will be of little use to the listener. HOW TO OVERCOME COMMUNICATION BARRIERS You should stop talking and concentrate on listening in order to get all what is communicated and respond accordingly. Pay attention so that the parties concerned can be actively involved in the discussion and they can understand each other as they talk. Non verbal language should be paid attention to by keeping eye contact between both parties and getting the facial expression of the communicator. Always make sure that you question the speaker to ensure that your understanding is accurate so that you can get everything that is communicated to you. Resist any destruction by shuffling papers that can make your attention to be diverted away from what is being communicated. Do not draw while you listen because your concentration will be affected all the time. When upset by what the speaker is saying, do not interrupt until the speaker finishes whatever he is saying. Open your mind and try to look at the situation from the speakers point of view befo9re you can go ahead to make any judgment to the situation in question. If you have your own view about what the speaker is saying, you can use it to mirror what you heard from the speaker. IMPACT OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION WHILE INTERACTING WITH OTHER OFFICERS, WITNESSES AND POSSIBLE SUSPECTS Bouncing leg indicates that you have no interest in whatever is said and a sign of impatience because you are getting tired and you wand the speaker to finish whatever he is saying as quickly as possible. Nodding of head is a sign of approving what has been said. It shows the listener is encouraged by what has been said and also he understands what the speaker is tying to communicate. When an eyebrow is raised, this shows lack of believing what is said and questions the speaker’s message and also a sign of being surprised by whatever has been said. When the listeners remain silent, they understand everything that is being said. The topic is interesting to that and they want to continuer hearing more about it and they respect the speaker and can not make any noise while he is speaking. Slouching shoulders is a sign of tiredness because the speaker might have taken too long communicating without giving the listeners break to relax before he continues with his speech. It can also be a sign of discouragement and loss of hope. Looking away means that you are impatient and cannot wait any longer for the speaker to finish what he is saying. This is also a sign of lack of interest in what is being said. HOW TO GO ABOUT SPEAKING WITH THE FOLLOWING: The hearing impaired man Make sure the hearing aid is in the ear and if it is turned, adjust it to the right position to ensure that it is functioning properly and make sure the battery is working and replace it with a new one if it is not functioning well. Stand directly in front of the person so that he can see you clearly and be able to get individual attention from him when you are close enough to him before you begin to talk. When you approach the person, make sure he sees you to avoid making him startled. He should always know that there is some one near him not to be caught by surprise. Make the speech easier to understand by him by not chewing, eating or smoking while you talk to him. Hand should be kept away from face so that you can be seen clearly and learn any face expression which communicates a lot about your feelings. The background noise that interferes with proper hearing should be avoided to ensure total concentration of the listener and the speaker. Enough time should be allowed for meaningful conversation without running out of time. if messages are necessary, write them down so that the hearing impaired man can be able to read them.   When speaking, do not shout so that whatever you are saying can come out clearly and can be understood very well. Different ways can be used to make the message be properly understood. Speaking to the child The language ability level should be should be identified to know how to communicate to the child in a language that he can be able to understand. Know the physical capability of the child and emotional capability and communicate in a passionate manner and do not include any judgment to the child so that he can be encouraged to continue talking. Make sure the child is comfortable and help him understand the purpose of the interview. The language should be adjusted to help the child understand all the questions and a simple and well explained manner. The gang The gang should be reliable, look for what is positive and of material to the gang. Be yourself and real. Make the promises that you can always keep to ensure that you develop trust in the gang. be a good role model whom the gang can look at and admire all the time and help them mould their character. You should be aware of the experiences that other people have as you continue dealing with the gang and do not ignore their experience. Take care of the body language especially the movement of hands to avoid threatening the gang. Understand the gangs’ language so that you can ensure there is effective communication. Things should not be taken at personal level and help those who are in need of your help. Visually shaken Describe to them the room layout as you enter and inform him when you want to leave. If the person needs your guidance, allow him to take your arm for guidance. Increase lighting in the room and ask him if he needs your help and offer to help him. If you want to touch the person, first call him by name so that he can be aware that there is someone who is near him. Allow the person touch you if he needs to do so. Treat him like a sighted person and do not show him that you sympathize with his situation for him to know that he is still worthy despite his situation because disability is not inability. Explain to them what you are doing so that they may not be suspicious of what you are doing. Where possible, encourage independence and leave things where they are unless you are asked to move them to another place. Technology used throughout investigation and in the court room The law is enforced so that it can be followed by all the affected parties. the witnesses are interrogated for them to give evidence of the case in question that will assist the court in making judgment. The person who is guilty of the offence is arrested and waits for the day of trial. The days for the judge to listen to the case are booked at a given time in future. The suspects are held from the day they are caught until when their case will be heard which is the same day when citizens bring their claims to be heard by the judge. Ethical issues to consider There is training of judges on how to handle cases and how to judge the criminals depending on the evidence given concerning the committed crime. The sensitivity of the case is very important to ensure that judgment is done fairly without favorism or discrimination of either of the parties. There should be awareness of the rules and regulations set by the government on how all the citizen should behave and the disciplinary action taken against anybody who disobeys the law. The issue of equitable treatment to all citizens is important where they are all treated as equals and no one is taken as more important or special than the others. CONFLICT RESOLUTION Parties involved achieve success without leaving either party devoid of dignity or respect. It results in win solution by both parties getting something in return for considering the other. Success approach to conflict resolution is establishing relationship with disputing parties, have strategy for mediation, collect information, design plan, build trust, define the issues, uncover interests that are hidden, get settlement means and have a bargaining to achieve the settlement. SUBSEQUENT INTERROGATION The people present at the time the suspect takes a hostage are questioned and they give out the circumstances surrounding the ability of the suspect to take hostage. The police writes a report which is analyzed and helps to know where the suspect might have gone to take refuge so that he can be caught. If it was a plot for him to escape, the officers concerned faces disciplinary action and can be suspended from their duties till further notice. ASSOCIATED LEGAL ISSUES The suspect is caught again and will have two cases to answer in court. The murder case and taking a hostage. The judge will listen to both cases and gives judgment for both of them as two separate cases. If he is found guilty, he will be arrested and faces a jail sentence. WRITING PRESS RELEASE There was a suspect of murder who took a hostage from court after he was arrested in court. He is tall, medium sized and dressed in black trouser and white shirt. Anybody who has any information concerning him can report to the nearest police station and will receive a reward of one thousand dollars in cash. Thank you. From criminal investigation department The key participants in this trial are The eye witnesses who witnessed the shooting as it occurred for example, the child who was playing outside, the person who was impaired in hearing, the shaken visually who was pumping gas and the young gang members. The credibility issues are that when these eye witnesses were interrogated at different times, they gave the same information concerning the suspect. A gun was recovered from the pocket of suspect and he had put on more than one trouser so that when he commits crime he can be able to remove the trouser on top to hide his identity. The role l would play in the trial is that, I would guide the court on who to use to give evidence because, I was able to see who was on the spot immediately the shooting occurred and nobody else should give the evidence apart from the ones who were present. REFERENCES Albert Mehrabian; Nonverbial Communication; Transaction Pub,2007 Mc Mains, M.J, and Mullins, W.C, Crisis Negotiations in Law enforcement and corrections. Cincinnati, OH; Anderson Pub,2001 Edmund Husserl, Dermot Moran; Logical Investigations; Routledge,2001   

Orion Systems Jaguar

What recommendations would you make to Rosas about organizing the Jaguar project, and why? Ans: Looking at the major assessment of problem of how ORION projects are manage, it will be plausible for Rosas to shift from the matrix structure and engage in a dedicated project teams structure. The reason been that is, dedicated project teams has a simple form of approach to a particular project where the functional organisation remain intact with the project team operating independently.It is also fast, meaning projects tend to get done more quickly rather than the matrix structure where you can be assigning multiple roles. It is very cohesive and this result in a high level of motivation which allows participants to share a common goal and take responsibility toward the project whiles the matrix structure there will be lack of strong project ownership.There is also cross-functional integration which allows specialists from different areas work closely together and, with proper guidance b ecome more committed to optimizing the project but not their respective areas of skill and this becomes the solution for the scope creep ORION has been encountering in terms of delays and design modifications that were inconsistent with customer requirements which was cause by the tendency for design engineers to get to absorb with the science of the project that they lost focus on practical considerations.ORION major problems of how project are manage; Higher than expected cost, Quality concerns, Problem with customer support, lack of strong project ownership and Scope creep 2) How would you change the organisational chart and master plan to reflect these changes? My chart ORION Organisational chart. Project manager Mechanics System engineer Electronics System engineer Deputy planning and control management Team Leader Team Leader Team Leader Team LeaderProject manager Team Leader Deputy planning and control management Electronics System engineer Mechanics System engineer Tradition al functional departments In organising projects as dedicated teams, the project manager becomes the team manager and work together with the rest of the team supported by the traditional functional department’s whiles in the matrix structure used by ORION each team have a different team leader. Master Plan Training Training programDocumentation and and test equipment SDR/PDR/CDR/TRR/PRR Build Production line Environment tests Laboratory tests and delivery Production Activities/time 6-12Months 1-6Months Design reviews Design and Development Production and Delivery ILS Lockheed martin justify that using a dedicated project teams structure facilitate a quick completion of a project.Now, if Lockheed martin uses 43days to complete an American fighter jet then I don’t see the reason why ORION will spend over 7years to make light-rail trains by using the matrix structure. Therefore, by using the dedicated project teams the process of tests, production and delivery can take le ss than the usual years ORION use to complete a particular project. So by using the dedicated project teams, I change the years on ORION master plan to months to reflect how fast it is to use the dedicated project teams rather than the matrix structure.

Eastern European Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Eastern European Politics - Essay Example At a certain point in these transformations, the communist parties gave up their monopoly of power -- often removing a constitutional clause on that subject and admitting rival parties -- and submitted to competitive elections, which turned over power to their opposition. There were significant differences, for example, with regard to the abruptness or completeness of the change among the elites, ranging from the purge of the old elites in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) to the sliding-scale, power-sharing arrangements in many other postcommunist societies (Robert, 1985). As in Southern Europe and Latin America, the ruptura with the old regime transferred authority only with certain de facto limitations to the new elites. Whereas in the former areas, the army and both private and foreign big business often continued to wield powerful influence, in Eastern Europe it was more often the bureaucracy and large, state-owned firms and farms. In Russia, the entire military-industrial complex at first survived the meltdown of communist control. The new governments began to make inroads into the realms of state-owned and cooperative enterprises whose managers had somehow inherited command from the defunct state planning commissions at the center of their command economies. In many cases, this left the economy half in and half out of the range of authority of the new democratic governments (David, & Bruszt, 1998). There is no need to go into the complexities of the transfer in each country, except to stress the paramount role of particular elites -- political or nonpolitical -- along with the rebellious masses in the unraveling of the old and the consolidation of the new regimes. The masses effectively challenged the authority of even the last hard-line dictatorship. "We are the people" was the chant of the East German demonstrators in Leipzig and elsewhere as they confronted the claims of popular legitimation of their communist government (Samuel, 1991). Were the economic crises of the old regime or its dictatorial character at the roots of rebellion Most immediately, the latter, although the multiple failures of the communist economy played a significant role under the surface. Crucial to the final collapse of the old regimes were also the defeat of the repressive apparatus at home -- especially the secret police and other repressive forces such as the workers' combat groups in large factories -- and the end of the outside military threat, both of Soviet power to reformist regimes like that of Alexander Dubcek and of the Western military counterpressure that had for so long been the alibi of Soviet pressure on the satellites. Once Mikhail Gorbachev had renounced the Brezhnev doctrine of Warsaw Pact intervention against nonconforming communist regimes and, in fact, encouraged them to follow in his path of glasnost and perestroika, hard-liners in Czechoslovakia and East Germany were on their own, with predictable results (Joseph E., 1 994). The complex requirements of a working democratic system, of course, did not automatically fall into the laps of the aspiring peoples of Eastern Europe when communism fell. Far from it, each element had to be acquired separately, and, as of this moment, some are still missing, incomplete, or in

International Legal Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Legal Personality - Essay Example Above all the government is tasked to ensure security of its citizens, protect its boundaries and apply the law. (iv) Capacity to enter into relatives with other Nations: - A recognized has the right of entering into relations with other states. This is aimed at bolstering good relations with other states and to promote the interests of the other nation in a Foreign Country. This promotes peace amongst nations and promotes trade as well. In essence not states alone are recognized as International personal International bodies and Organizations representing other nations as their members like world Health Organization (WHO) World Trade Organization (WTO) are recognized to be International Legal persons within the definition of International Law. Generally a state is recognized when it possesses essential elements of statehood. The recognition of a state means that it has been included as a member of International Community. Once a state has been recognized, it becomes a member of International Community. By recognitions the International Community determines that the recognized state possesses the essential quality of a state, and is able and willing to fulfill its International obligations. According to this theory, recognition clo... Overtime various theories have evolved over recognition of statehood. The main theories on recognition of statehood are:- a) Constitutive theory b) Declaratory or Evidentiary theory. (a) Constitutive Theory:- According to this theory, recognition clothes the recognition of a state with rights and duties of International Law. Recognition is a process through which a political community acquires International Personality by becoming a member of family of Nations. Hegel, Anzilloti, Oppenheim etc. are the chief exponents of constitutive theory. In the words of Oppenheim (Supra note I, pg 125) a state is and becomes an International person, through, recognition only and exclusively. According to constitutive theory, statehood and participation in the International legal order are attained by a political group only in so far as they are recognized by established state (P.E. Corbett, The Growth of world Law (1971) pg 62.) (b) Declaratory Theory Looking at declaratory theory, statehood or the authority of new government exists as such prior to and independently of recognition. The chief exponents of this theory are Hall Wagner, Brierly, Pitt Corbett and Fisher. According to Prof. Hall, a state enters into the family of nations as a light when it has acquired the essential attributes of statehood. Pitt Corbett has expressed the view that existence of a state is a matter of fact. In his words "so long as a political community possesses in fact the requisites of statehood, formal recognition would not appear to be in a condition precedent to acquisition of the ordinary rights and obligations incident thereto. Briefly has also remarked the granting of recognition to a new

Code of ethics Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Code of ethics - Movie Review Example The movie outlines some important evidence as to how Modern Corporation is becoming a dominating influence in the society. It is increasingly becoming more influential not only in the decision making process of the government but also controlling other resources. As a result of this trend, the public may not be able to enjoy or entitle to goods and services which are the basic duties of a State to provide for. The encroachment of corporations into the domains of government therefore considered as one of the key ethical areas of concerns from public policy perspectives. Though the point of view of modern corporations has also been depicted in the movie however, this movie has been successful in highlighting important ethical and non-ethical issues. These issues include control over free resources, the role of government in providing free services as well as the replacement of the conventional power of Church, Government as well as Monarchs by the modern

Ricci v. DeStefano Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ricci v. DeStefano - Essay Example disparate impact† in relation to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, arguments that urge courts to be "color blind" in their deliberations, and the concept of "narrowly tailored" court-ordered remedies for discrimination. â€Å"Disparate impact† can be defined as a theory used to prove discrimination in employment. It forbids employers from using certain employment practices that are non-discriminatory in their intentions, but can still disproportionately affect people belonging to certain groups with regards to race, age, sex, ethnicity or disability. Fish, (2009) argues that although the law considers the use of tests to evaluate job applicants a useful measure, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act does not allow use of tests solely to promote firefighters unless it relates to job performance. For instance, the test used by the city of New Haven, did not test a firefighter’s ability to lead or supervise others in the line of duty; hence, caused a disparate impact. â€Å"Color blind† refers to making judicial decisions without regards to race. According to Fish (2009), the race of the federal judges is likely to affect the result of cases especially in issues relating to racial harassment in the workplace. Thus, the courts are urged to be color blind in order to have an efficient judicial decision making process that does not discriminate individuals based on race. â€Å"Narrowly tailored† refers to drafting something in order to meet the needs of a certain party. In this case, â€Å"narrowly tailored† refers to the ability of the court to draft certain concepts in the case in order to provide a solution to discrimination. For instance, the court rejected New Haven’s reasoning claiming that the fear of legal action cannot be used as an excuse by an employer’s dependence on race to the disadvantage of other firefighters who performed well in the test and qualified to be promoted (Fish, 2009). This court decision goes against Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

The effective steps for risk assessment to identify the risks Essay

The effective steps for risk assessment to identify the risks regarding the misstated data in the financial records - Essay Example The analytical procedures can be described as ‘evaluating the financial records by analyzing the credible relationship between the financial records and non-financial records’. It can be also included that ‘such analysis is mandatory to identify the difference or inconsistency of relevant data or the difference between provided data and the estimated values’ (ISA/HKSA 520(4)). The basic principle to apply the analytical procedures is the expected existence of the credible relationship may occur and the analytical procedures may carry on in such circumstances in the non-appearance of the opposite factors. Defining the purposes Auditors use analytical procedures in the entire audit course to achieve the three main purposes of audit: 1) Preliminary analytical review These are the introductory analytical reviews, which assist the auditors to get an idea about the business and industry. They can start with reviewing the previous financial records, performance of industry and the competitors. This will lead them to decide the nature of audit, the time period required and the level of analytical procedures. Basically, preliminary analytical reviews help to design the strategies and plans to conduct the audit. 2) Substantive analytical procedures Auditors can use the analytical procedures substantively. If the auditors feel that their analytical procedure can bring more accurate results rather than using different tests, so they usually reduce the level of tests to identify the misstated facts of the financial records. These procedures will be known as substantive analytical procedures. 3) Final analytical reviews Financial records are analyzed thoroughly by the auditors through analytical procedures, which lead the independent individuals towards th e outcomes whether records are accurate or in compliance with auditors’ understanding. So analytical procedures are applied finally to analyze the facts but these procedures are not executed to get hold of the extra substantive analysis. In such case, if auditors find any inconsistency in the records, they must repeat the risk assessment procedure and if they feel the need of extra analytical procedures, they can go for it. Substantive analytical procedures usage Acquiring the evidence of audit that must be reliable and appropriate is one of the basic points of analytical procedures. While applying the procedures of substantive analytics, auditors need to acquire the guarantee with the assistance of other auditing tools and controls. These tools and controls help the auditors to evaluate the results of different sections after applying analytical procedures. Such analytical procedures have ability to cover a wider range of transactions that is why procedures of substantive an alytics are normally used to analyze the financial records. As it is briefly told that the auditors apply substantive analytical procedures on the expected existence of the credible relationship between financial data and they may carry on this analytical procedure in case of non-appearance of contrary factors. The existence of relationship between the data provides the base of audit evidence that leads the auditors to

Dred Scott v.s. Sanford 1856 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dred Scott v.s. Sanford 1856 - Essay Example Dred Scott v. Sanford was a case in which Dred Scott a slave born in Virginia between 1795 and 1800 sues an heir of the estate which owned him for freedom for himself, his wife, and children (Library of Congress n. p.). Purchased by John Emerson a major in the United States Army, as â€Å"chattel† or â€Å"personal property† Scott accompanied and traveled with Emerson extensively. However not all the states in the Union recognized and allowed slavery at that time; several states outlawed the practice of slavery passing ordinances and laws prohibiting its practice within their territorial boundaries (Library of Congress n. p.). One such state was Missouri, the â€Å"Missouri Compromise of 1820† forbid the importation of slaves within their territory and ultimately had a provision for the emancipation of slaves born in Missouri (Moore and Brown n. p.). With the passing of the bill by the House of Representatives in 1819, but failing to be ratified by the Senate the bill incited angry discussions between and within the northern and southern states. With Missouri identified as a, â€Å"free state† there was unequal representation, therefore the states condoning slavery found themselves at a disadvantage when it came to voting power. Over a 12 year period Emerson relocated his family and slaves throughout various regions of the United States settling in free and slave states (Library of Congress n. p.).

Law enforcement, alcohol and drug awareness, personal safety, domestic Essay

Law enforcement, alcohol and drug awareness, personal safety, domestic violence, traffic violations - Essay Example Should you have an encounter with the police it is important that you are polite as possible, be respectful though the situation may be stressful, and answer only when asked to do so. It is best to keep your hands visible at all times so that the policeman has no reason to feel threatened. Remain in your vehicle unless asked to exit. It is likely the encounter will go smoothly and the problem will be resolved without complication if you are complying with the law. Driving while under the influence of alcohol is prohibited in all fifty states, with legal limits defined as .10 in 42 states and .08 in eight states, including Florida. If you are caught driving while intoxicated you will be arrested and if it is your first offense you will likely spend time on probation, with various fines and community service. For second and third offenses your chances of being incarcerated are high, with prison a possibility. Being caught with illegal drugs is another serious offense that you will be arrested and jailed for, and depending on the schedule of narcotic you will be fined and imprisoned. Narcotics can also include those prescribed and it is possible to be arrested for driving while intoxicated even if you are only taking over the counter medication. Any substance that causes an altered consciousness such as sleepiness or drowsiness should not be taken when you are planning to drive. As an international student you will have the same rights as American citizens regarding personal safety and should contact law enforcement if you experience a threatening situation. It is important that you do not react with violence in any situation and that if you are part of a violent or physical confrontation you contact law enforcement and do not attempt to handle the matter yourself. "Washington State University - Office of International Students & Scholars." Washington State University -

How the Essays Self Reliance by Emerson, and Resistance to Civil Research Paper

How the Essays Self Reliance by Emerson, and Resistance to Civil Government are Examples of Transcendentalism - Research Paper Example Everyone has their own way to perceive things and this is what transcendentalism is all about. When one looks deep into himself to find out meanings and reasons of things he connects himself to God. This helped in strengthening the belief that God was present. According to Quinn and Edward (2006), when one gets to know about himself and finds God then he feels the existence of a â€Å"microcosmic† world. According to Emerson (1995, p. 20-30), nature is an â€Å"organ† through which God speaks to an individual. He regarded God as â€Å"universal spirit† in his writings. One is born with religion, culture, laws, rules and society. One has to follow the rules and regulations set up by them. When one is born as an individual, he should have the freedom to think deeply and to connect with his inner self. He should be able to find meanings himself. He should find his God himself and live life accordingly. This is what Transcendentalism is all about; to know oneself. It is not something chaotic or going against the government or laws but it is just about exploration of one’s own self. â€Å"Self Reliance" by Ralph Waldo Emerson and "Resistance to Civil Government† by Henry David Thoreau is perfect examples of it. Part. 2: Emerson and Thoreau: transcendentalism Emerson was a great written, philosopher, poet and lecturer and was born in May 25, 1803. Oakes and Elizabeth (2004), write about Emerson as someone who believed in â€Å"individuality†. Emerson saw imagination and human thinking in a very different way. He said that the thinking, imagination and perceptions of human beings are made by nature, which according to him is an organ that is used by spiritual entity to speak with humans. He focused on discovering one’s own self. Henry David Thoreau was a great philosopher and was student of Emerson. They both shared a great thinking and are the most prominent names when it comes to transcendentalism. It is said that the person who knows himself is the one who knows the real meaning and reason of his existence. People are too busy in everyday lives that they do not focus on their own self; they do not have time to communicate with their own soul and that results in lack of self awareness and distance from godliness. 2.1: Individualistic approach The essays "Self Reliance" by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and "Resistance to Civil Government" by Henry David Thoreau are examples of Transcendentalism as they convey the â€Å"individualistic† approach in them. Both Emerson and Thoreau discuss in their respective essays that one has to have knowledge of himself and connect himself to nature instead of relying on experiences. According to Emerson (1967, pp. 20-30), a person should have full right over his decisions, his behaviors should not be shaped by the rules made by societies and government and he should be a free man. In the essay â€Å"Self Reliance†, Emerson has written according to the most important principle of Transcendentalism which is to be free from rules and obligations and live life as an individual. In the essay â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government†, Thoreau discussed individualism in detail and in its real spirit. As Thoreau (2009, p.4) said that humans should be â€Å"men first, and subjects afterwards†. His writing compels one to think as an individual who is free from boundaries and rules. A man has to think as an individual first, discover himself and think about what he thinks is right and wrong by getting to know about himself

Political Disputes In Early Nineteenth Century Essay Example for Free

Political Disputes In Early Nineteenth Century Essay The North and South in the nineteenth century were different in lifestyle and morale as well as economy. The north had a booming industrial economy while in the South, cotton was king. Because of this, congress was continuously addressing controversial matters and providing answers that did not satisfy either one side or both. The early 1800s were full of the North and the South making many attempts at reconciliation that just fell short. Among those were the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and the Great Compromise of 1850. Other tempestuous attempts led to the Tariff/Nullification Controversy, anti slavery debates in congress, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Whether it was one side or the other, there was always someone to oppose and in some cases, defy the laws put in place, which eventually led to the succession of the southern states and the Civil War. The issue of slavery became an even greater concern when the Louisiana Purchase territories were to enter the Union as states. The question was, would new territories enter the Union as slave or free states? The South wanted a balance of power. They knew that if the North were to have more free states, then slavery in the south could be facing extinction through congress. In an attempt to conciliate with the South, the North agreed upon the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Through this, slavery was banned above the 36 degrees 30 minute line and Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine a free state. For a while, it retained the balance of power. However, tempers in the south rose again later in the 1820s over high tariffs. The tariffs benefitted the north but threatened southern cotton exports. In 1828, the tariff was around 50%. President Jackson modified it to around 33% in 1832 only to have South Carolina nullify it in the state. It raised the question of whether or not the federal government could legally impose protective tariffs and whether it was constitutional for a state to nullify a federal law. South Carolinaby a course of legislationcan defeat the execution of certain laws of the United States.it is utterly impracticable [Document A] Henry Clay believed it impractical for South Carolina to oppose the federal law and also believed that South Carolina had no intention of leaving the Union, which depicts just how blind people were to just how great the rift really was. In 1833, the Compromise Tariff was put into place and would reduce rates to 20% by 1842. At this time, most people considered compromise to still be possible. As time goes on, slavery becomes as much of a moral  issue as a political one. The American Anti-Slavery Society believed that the practice of slavery was against Gods teaching and that those who kept slaves were man stealers. [Document B] Slaves should be set free and slaveholders shouldnt be compensated a dime. we concede the Congresshas no right to interfere with any of the slave statesBut we maintain that Congress has a rightto suppress the domestic slave trade [Document B] As abolitionists started to make an even greater fuss over slavery, congress was backed into a corner. To release the slaves and prevent slavery in the new territories would incite the wrath of the South, however to allow more slave states to enter the Union would anger the abolitionists. Eventually, the gag rule was put into place. All petitions, memorials, [etc.]to the subject of slavery or the abolition of slavery, shallbe laid on the table and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon. [Document C] However, each time a territory wanted to become a state, whether slavery would be permitted or not was a forefront issue starting with the lands gained from the Mexican War. The Compromise of 1850 was put into place here. California was admitted as a free state and New Mexico and Utah entered under popular sovereignty (the citizens would decide whether they wanted slavery or not.) From this compromise also came a stronger Fugitive Slave Law (all escaped slaves were to be tu rned in and returned.) Northerners blatantly ignored this federal law which angered the Southerners, for when they had tried not to comply to a federal law, they had been punished. [Document D] The Southerners felt wronged, and rightly so. Compromise seemed less and less possible. In 1854, there were questions on whether there should be slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska territories, even though it was prohibited by the Missouri Compromise. The South was unhappy about this however because the shaky balance of power would then decisively shift to the North. The South needed more slave states. Because of this, the Missouri Compromise was then repealed. Popular sovereignty was then ruled in the territories. At the sound of that, abolitionists and pro-slavery citizens began to rush Kansas in spades. Fighting broke out so horrifically it was given the name Bleeding Kansas. During this, a new political party arose: the Free-Soilers. They were against slavery and fought state constitutions such as the Lecompton Constitution. After this, slavery issues began to spin out of control. Things like the Dred Scott Decision and John  Browns Raid and other slave revolts kept slavery at the forefront of everyones minds. The Free-Soilers then turned into the Republicans who firmly believed in the end slavery. Compromise was now nearly impossible. The possibility of compromise was then nailed shut when a Republican, Abraham Lincoln, won the election of 1860. North Carolina then seceded from the Union and other southern states soon followed suit. Its possible that if the South had only picked one candidate, they could have won the election. [Document H] But because they hadnt, the South then felt threatened. And because they felt threatened, they seceded. The reasons and events stated led to the eventual conclusion of the impossibility of compromise by 1860.

Drug Treatments and Courts in US Prisons

Drug Treatments and Courts in US Prisons Drugs such as marijuana and cocaine and amphetamines and heroin together with drug-addiction are correlated to crime in a number of ways. Being a criminal offence to use, to be in possession, to produce, or to dispense these drugs, they are categorized as prohibited. The upshots of usage of drugs, including aggression, including robbery to obtain funds to acquire drugs, including aggression against competitor traffickers, affect the society every day and are criminal effects. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. Drug treatment programs in correctional centres most often than not are successful in averting patients going back to unlawful behaviour, but are unsuccessful most often than not if they are not connected to community-centred programs that continue treatment when the patient leaves prison. The most successful drug treatments programs in prison have diminished the re-arrest rate by 25% to 50% ( Belenko 33). The aim of correctional facilities such as prison is twofold; first, it punishes wrongdoers and secondly it rehabilitates criminals and individuals with deviant behaviour. The French philosopher Michel Foucault argued that punishment has changed over a period from instilling discipline in the body to instilling discipline in the soul. The rehabilitation of convicted criminals is an important facet of the contemporary criminal justice system. The criminal justice system nowadays is working to rehabilitate inmates and the prison rehabilitation programs vary in degrees, type, and form from prison to prison. In the past years, rehabilitation was focused straight at reforming the personality of offenders, its aim now is on averting reoffending. Prison program: Drug treatment In a similar fashion, drug Treatment programs in Prison are designed to rehabilitate drug addicts in prison. For instance, the Delaware Model, a continuing examination of wide-ranging treatment methods for prisoners who are addicted to drug abuse illustrates that prison-based treatment programs, work release therapeutic community, community-based aftercare and therapeutic community surroundings included; cuts the chances of re-arrest by 57 percent and cut the odds of relapsing into drugs by 37 percent. One quality essential for successful programs is progressing, wide-ranging aftercare in the society. This decreases the probability that an addict will be detained and found guilty another time (Thomas 16). History of Drug Treatment: Using drug relates to violent crime (statistic) Statistics show that drug addicts are more prone than nonusers to perpetrate crimes, which arrested criminals, are found often to be under the influence at the time they carried out the offence and that drugs breed violence. It is the weighing up the nature and degree of the effects of drugs on criminal activities that necessitate that dependable information about the crime, and the lawbreaker is accessible and meanings of terms be consistent. In the face of challenging data, it is not possible to establish quantitatively the influence of drug addiction on the happening of crime. Drugs are linked to most criminal activities through the outcomes they have on the addicts actions and by breeding violence and other prohibited goings-on associated with drug trafficking. Drug-related crimes and the drug-using way of life play a key part in the U.S. crime issue. More than 50% of arrested criminals in the US test positive for illicit drugs (Thomas 17). According to the same institute, use of and addiction on drug is strongly associated to robbery and assets crime more than it is to violent offences. A majority of addicts carries out crimes to obtain money to purchase drugs. According to the National Institute of Justice, at least 25% of men who carry out acts of domestic violence have drug problems and that drug-addicted women are more prone to suffering abuse (Thomas 18). The 2004 survey of Inmates in State and Federal penitentiaries found out that 32% of State convicts and 26% of Federal prisoners admitted to having committed the crimes they are serving time for under the influence of drugs. In State prisons, drug offenders and property offenders recorded the highest admission rates for being under the drugs influence when committing a crime at 44% and 39% respectively. In Federal penitentiaries, drug offenders (32%) and violent crimes convicts (24%) reported the highest occurrence of being under drugs influence when they committed their crimes. Efforts to prevent drug abuse using retribution systems do not succeed since these attempts do no tackle the multifaceted basis of drug abuse, which start in the milieu of family issues and deviant conduct. Many go to prison. Few reform in prison. Cause Overcrowding in Prison The vicious cycle of arrest, imprisonment, discharge, and re-arrest is very common. As indicated by various nationwide studies, more than half of the prison population test positive for illegal drugs (Taylor et al. 3-4). The U.S. state and federal prisons and jails hold approximately 1.9 million convicts (Beck and Harrison). This means that the major contribution of the high-prison population in the United States is drug abuse. Most of the inmates are finally released from the prisons to go back to the community. However, about six hundred thousand state and federal convicts are nor returning to prison each year. A majority of those returning are drug addicts; therefore, keeping the cycle rolling. Effectively cutting that cycle and related crime is largely dependent on successfully treating drug-abusing criminals. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. One such alternative program is the Drug Courts program. Drug Courts are judicially administered court dockets that deal with cases of nonviolent drug abusing lawbreakers under the juvenile, family, adult, and tribal justice structures. Drug Courts function under a specific mould in which the courts, prosecutors, defence bar, the police, mental health services, community services, and the treatment services work jointly to assist nonviolent lawbreakers find restoration in healing and turn into productive human beings. The essay analyses how the Drugs Courts program can help reduce the number of ex prisoners who are being sent back to prison each year. It also analysis how the program helps reduce the population in the American prisons. The essay su mmarizes the general workings and usefulness of drug courts all over the country and underlines possible concerns and areas where additional study is required. DRUG COURTS In 1989, Florida officials set up the nations pioneer drug court. This unique court was calculated to entrench drug treatment fully into the prison system and the criminal justice system in general. The courts were established for criminals with a past of drug abuse as a measure for their addiction treatment, while concurrently guaranteeing control, and approval when necessary, from the courts. The movement for a different court to rule on drug offenders come about from the swiftly sprouting truth that the nations resolution to tackle drug abuse by employing law enforcement methods would keep on posing considerable problems for the criminal justice system. In 2004, 53% of prisoners incarcerated in state prison were identified as drug addicts or users, but merely 15% were getting professional help (Mumola and Karberg 7). Drug use and addiction linked criminal activities remain an expensive load to the American society, one that most prison drugs treatment programs have failed to halt. In 2001, the bureau of National Drug Control Policy approximated that in 1998 prohibited use of drug cost the exchequer $31.1 billion in criminal justice costs, $30.1 billion in lost output and $2.9 billion in costs connected to property damage and discrimination (Belenko 2). Ever since 1989, drug courts have increased all over the country. Presently, there are more than 1,500 Drug courts functioning in all states. This drug courts are a reflection of the aspiration to change the stress from trying to battle drug crimes by diminishing drugs supply to tackling the demand for drugs by treating drug craving. Drug courts employ the criminal justice system to tackle addiction by the use of an incorporated set of communal and legal services as an alternative to depending on sanctions through imprisonment or probation. In spite of broad signs of drug court efficiency, more than twenty years after the first Drug court a number of questions linger. Since drug courts are planned and ran at the state level, there are deep-seated disparities that make cross-jurisdictional evaluation hard. While the underlying structure may be similar from one program to the next (a diversion program for particular types of low-level defendants who have shown a connection between thei r drug abuse or addiction and criminal acts), protocols for arbitration, detailed selection standards, ways of control and revocation measures do vary radically. The localism that is the system of drug court design makes efforts to make out best practices very hard. Nonetheless, we can make out explicit elements from diverse drug courts that are significant elements for the success of the program. WORKING OF DRUG COURTS Several elements determine the running of drug courts, albeit with disparity based on setting of the defendant population, legal questions etc. Below are a few elements universal to every drug court. Legal Framework There are commonly two approaches for drug courts i.e. deferred/delayed prosecution and post-adjudication programs. In a delayed prosecution, defendants who that meet some particular eligibility prerequisites are sidetracked to the drug court system before pleading to a charge. Defendants are not obliged to plead guilty, and those who successfully see through the drug court program are not further prosecuted. However, if one does not complete the program, he or she is prosecuted. On the other hand, in the post-adjudication approach, defendants are obliged to plead guilty to their charges but the ruling of their cases is deferred or left pending as they take part in the drug court program. Successful conclusion of the program earns the former user or addict in a waived sentence and occasionally an obliteration of the crime and the charges. However, if one does not successfully meet the standards of the drug court, for example, a routine return of drug abuse or addiction, they will be taken back to the criminal court to face the ruling on the guilty plea. Eligibility Criteria Eligibility standards differ from court to court. However, usually defendants have to be charged with being in possession of drugs or a nonviolent crime and must have positively tested for drugs or have proved drug abuse trouble during arrest (Fluellen and Trone 5). For drug courts that get federal financial support, there is a prerequisite to rule out persons with a present or previous violent crime record. However, this barring, whether by the state or federal rules, has been questioned as to whether it truly serves the interest of public safety as it is claimed to serve. Particularly, the classification of a violent crime at times may refer to merely being in possession of a weapon when one was arrested, even if it was not held, wielded, or put into use. In addition, individuals who are at present facing charges for a drug crime may be disqualified from admission into the drug court program owing to a past crime that is completely unrelated. Programming and Sanctions Programs characteristically run for a period between half and one year. However, some addicts stay longer in the program. Addicts and users must see through the whole program phase to graduate. Successful completion is dependent upon staying free of drugs and arrests for a specific period. Participants have to go to regular status hearings in front of a judge alongside judicial and medical staff who screen the development of every person. Sanctions including more court proceedings, drug tests and short stints in jails are enforced for participants who do not comply at the courts discretion. ADVANTAGES OF DRUG COURTS As noted earlier in this essay, the majority of adults and juveniles who are under arrest for criminal activities test positive for illicit drugs. As such, much of crime is drug or alcohol linked. However, imprisoned drug offenders do not obtain the handling they require, and will probably use drugs yet again and execute another crime once they are out of prison. That is where drug courts need arise. Drug courts present a valuable option that blends justice and drug management. Drug addicts who are taking part in a drug court program undergo rigorous drug abuse management, individual case management, substance testing, administration, and supervision. The participants report to recurrently programmed status hearings in front of a judge who is skilled in the drug court programs. Drug courts offer psychological well being treatment, disturbance and family psychoanalysis, and work skills instruction, which assist in ensuring a long-lasting healing from drug and alcohol dependence. Drug courts programs surpass all other approaches that have been employed with drug-using offenders. Drug abuse and criminal activities are significantly diminished in cases where offenders are put through a drug court program. Since the drug court programs assess offenders for substance abuse frequently, data concerning substance abuse by offenders in a drug court program is accessible on a continual basis. The use of drugs by offenders is reduced considerably or eliminated altogether by drug programs nationally, and this in turns has lowered recidivism amongst graduates. Adult drug court programs considerably decrease crime rates by cutting down re-arrest and conviction rates amongst graduates of drug courts a long time after the programs conclusion. Individuals who have graduated from drug courts are, according to recent appraisals, less expected to be re-arrested than individuals routed through other prison mechanisms. Results from drug court assessments show that involvement in drug courts upshots, in fewer re-arrests and re-convictions, or more extended periods between arrests or relapses. A breakdown of study findings from 76 drug courts established that there is a 10% decline in re-arrest, with pre-adjudication courts occasioning a 13% drop in re-arrest (Aos, Miller and Drake 4) Drug courts are very cost efficient. Several fresh studies have demonstrated that saved costs vary from $3,000 to $12,000 per offender (Belenko, 2005, 45). According to Fluellen and Trone (1), depending on the magnitude of a drug court program, the cost saved in some states goes beyond $7 million annually. Many courts are using the drug court mould to repeal driving under the influence and driving while intoxicated cases. This is being done either by employing selected driving while intoxicated courts or by accommodating offenders into conventional grown-up drug courts. Driving under the influence courts are holding offenders responsible for their actions at the same time as treating the fundamental drug abuse issues and stimulating behavioural transformation. Drug courts have also been very useful to juvenile offenders. Lastly, the drugs courts, in addition to saving cost, frees up the justice system and enables their departments resourcefully apportion criminal justice funds. Personnel and services, hitherto used up by the minor and less severe but prolonged drug cases which are now taken care by the drug court programs, are presently concentrated to other serious cases and to criminals who pose bigger threats to the society security and well being. The caseloads taken up by the drug court programs allow more docket time for the justice systems judges and are therefore, on hand for other criminal and civil matters in various jurisdictions. Previously, these serious criminal and civil cases were relegated to inferior precedence owing to drug related caseload. The programs have also freed jail space, and it is now being used to accommodate serious and dangerous criminals or to guarantee they serve their times. After more than two decades of drug courts operation, various studies show that many drug courts reduce recidivism and save the taxpayers funds. Figures from many studies carried out in more than ninety-five courts expose that former offenders who have graduated from drug courts program are re-arrested less than other prison program groups (Belenko, 44). The decline in re-arrest rates is the main contributor to cost-savings reported for most drug courts (Belenko, 44). CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS Studies up to date have been consistently reporting that that drug courts are accomplishing significant benefits. However, there practices, though mostly unfamiliar, which cause accomplishment or breakdown of a drug court. Of huge interest is the argument that drug courts might be escalating the quantity of individuals under arrest for drug crimes, rather than decrease, in the long term, the quantity of individuals who go through the criminal justice system. Studies have not yet zeroed in on the establishment of whether individuals who are taken through drug courts would have ended up in the criminal justice system and consequently into the conventional prison programs if not for the drug court. The use of drug courts should be used in a large scale to solve the twin problem of drugs and crime and that of overpopulation in our prison system.

The Different Between Favouritism Cronyism And Nepotism Philosophy Essay

The Different Between Favouritism Cronyism And Nepotism Philosophy Essay The effect of nepotism has been opinion based rather than facts and incidents therefore views on the subject vary from situation to situation. Nepotism at work refers to favouring relatives in employment or economic terms as opposed to them being judged on ability and/or merit in a specific organisation. This could include  a position over somebody else who may be more suitable for the position, whereby you would be paying a relative more money than somebody doing the same job or granting them special favours. However, nepotism can be viewed in terms of people giving somebody a boost up to allow them to get into an organisation but will be treated in the same manner as everybody else. Although nepotism is in the sense of the word, refers to relatives, it can also mean to allow friends to be incorporated into an organisation or to be granted simply favour in general. Smaller, family owned businesses are the organisations this more common occurs and that is perfectly understandable. In a small business in particular, limited options exist for career advancement. When employees see that the owners daughter or son has been promoted to a managerial post, the idea of favouritism and special treatment is impossible to overcome especially if the new manager shows signs of been less qualified than the other applicants that applied. The existence of a nepotism policy ensures that all employees are treated equally and that the owner of the organisation cannot influence the hiring, promotion or discipline of a close relative. The policy allows for reduction of favouritism by enquiring all employees to disclose relevant conflicts, such as a close personal or business relationship with all current employees, and more importantly it restrict the employees involvement with employment decisions relating to their relative. Family owned businesses have always had a tradition of the reins being passed down from generation to generation and their succession totally relies a lot on the emotional ties which bonds a family together. That being said, if the company also employs staff outside of the family as well, its important for the companies well-being to maintain a strict working relationship where the family member(s) is treated no more than equal to all of the rest of the staff who may hold a similar position to them in order that the workplace remains peaceful and there are no accusations of special treatment. In most cases, you will often find that family members have to work ten times harder than the average outsiders to prove themselves worthy of holding specific positions and to avoid such assumptions from arising. 1.2.1. The different between favouritism, cronyism, and nepotism? As favouritism is the broadest of these three terms, well start with its definition. Favouritism is just what it sounds like; its favouring a person not because he/she is doing the best job but rather because of some kind of personal relationship either with the manager or the owner of the company that you would be employed in. Favouritism is currently represented in three different ways hiring, honouring, or awarding contracts. The most common cases are giving public service jobs to those who may have helped you during an election for a person in power. Favouritism has always been a major problem in government services over the years. In 2010, a survey was done and it was found that only 46% of government workers thought that promotions received in their department were based on merit. They believed that it is who you are connected to or rather who u know and more importantly the partnerships you made while been in the government departments, and other factors played a major role. The second term is cronyism which is a more specific form of favouritism that refers partial towards friends and partial towards associates. As the old saying goes, Its not what you know but who you know, or, rather Its not what you dont know; its who your college roommate knows. Cronyism occurs within a network of insiders who provide favours to one another due to association. The last phrase is nepotism which is an even narrower form of favouritism. It originated from the Italian word which means nephew, it covers favouritism to members of the family. Both nepotism and cronyism often occur at offices where political parties recruit candidates for public officials. 1.2.2. The Most Common Reasons for Nepotism in the Workplace According to the service industries in government departments are subjected to nepotism at various work levels. The economic and political structures are given as the common reasons for such favouritism in such departments. What happens in bigger firms and organizations? Employees are affected by nepotism in one way or another in bigger organizations as well. This cronyism allows both short term and long term negativities amongst employees and in turn impact the organizational growth as well as the performance levels of that specific organisation. Let us take a closer look about how nepotism spoils employee morale and workplace culture. Here are examples of different case studies and decisions International Case Studies Nepotism Case Study #1:   FACTS: An employee was hired in May 2010 to work as an assistant sales manager for a waste management company that also supplied portable toilets and provided septic tank services. The employees job required him to develop and implement businesses amongst existing and new clients.   He could earn a bonus based on his sales input on a monthly basis. In February 2012, the employee became romantically involved with senior office manager.   They moved in together a month later.   Although their relationship was commonly known in the office, at no time did the employer advice either parties that their employment might be in jeopardy as a result of their relationship. In October, the first employee was fired due to his common-law relationship with the senior office manager. The employer concluded that because office manager was one of two financial control officers as well and was privy to confidential financial information, that placed her in a conflict of interest with the employee as one of her duties was to input data regarding all sales which were linked to employee bonuses. The employer was of the view that the common law relationship between the employee and the manager was not an acceptable business practice and created an unacceptable business and financial risk to the organisation. The employee immediately filed a complaint of discrimination on the basis of marital status. The Board of Inquiry resolved that there was definitely a  case of discrimination that was made out because: Although living in a common-law relationship for only a short period of time, the employees in question were living together and this was regarded as the marital status in the Human Rights Act; The employee was treated differently than other employees and terminated as a result of his relationship with the office manager and, as a result, was discriminated against on the basis of marital status To determine if this form of discrimination was justified, the Board of Inquiry determined that the employer was unable to meet the standard requirements because: The employers standard policy requirements stated that the office manager could not enter into a living relationship with an employee due to the confidential nature of her position.   This standard did not necessary connect to the performance of the employees jobs; There was no bad faith on the part of the employer in implementing its standard; The standard was not reasonable and could accomplish the work-related purpose because the employer overlooked relatively simple checks and balances that could have been put in place to protect the business.   For example, the employers General Manager could have been asked to review the input of data relating to bonuses that the employee might have been entitled to. The Board ordered the employer to compensate the employee an subsequently amount in general damages, also to write the employee a letter of apology and to participate in a well needed training course with the Human Rights Commission on the duty to accommodate. The employer appealed the decision to the Court as soon as the verdict was concluded. OUTCOME: The Court also found that the Board ruled correctly that the employee and office manager were living in a common-law relationship and protected from discrimination on the basis of marital status; The Court disagreed with the Boards analysis of the first step, ruling that the workplace standard at issues was to limit access to confidential information and to avoid creating a situation where the office manager could possibly be placed in a position of conflict between the interests of their employer and the interests of the employee, who they were in a relationship with.   The purpose of the policy was mainly to identify it as being unacceptable business and financial risks.   The policy was found to be rationally connected to the performance of the office managers job as their work involved inputting information that formed part of the basis on which the employees bonus was calculated; The Court agreed with the Boards overall conclusion that the employer could have accommodated the marital relationship here without incurring undue hardship.   As the General Manager already reviewed the office managers work, he could simply have reviewed any data that would have affected the employees bonuses. The Court upheld the damages award and the requirement of an apology letter but found that ordering the so needed training course was inappropriate. WHAT TO relevant FROM THEse CASES: The creation of an anti-nepotism policy should be considered by employers before they are implemented and given their application will always give rise to  cases of discrimination. The fact that two employees are related on any level will not be enough to justify an application of an anti-nepotism policy.   The family member or marital relationship in question must be relevant to the ability of one of the related individuals to perform his or her job duties. Anti-nepotism policies should be designed to limit the impact on the affected family member.   A policy that only takes into consideration the employers interests will not stand up to scrutiny. Employers must be prepared to show that when they applied the policy, they gave considered the circumstances of the affected employee and they accommodated the employee to the point of undue hardship.   Rigid application of an anti-nepotism policy will cause an otherwise justified policy to fail. Ive been in this situation to many times to mention and in prior cases as well, which didnt turn out well.   And more recently, I dont know what the outcome is just yet. Case Study #2   Very early in my career, a friend of mine was looking to get into the same industry I was currently employed in.   I had been employed for a couple years and due to a lot of hard work and some downright luck, I had become what I would consider a master mind and gained a better job title after some time. I was confined to sharing all my details of the company and had not yet got many contacts in other areas except for the one I was employed in. A friend asked if I could forward their curriculum vitae to the organisation which I was employed in to see if they could get their foot in the door. I knew the friend pretty well and thought theyd make a good addition to the organisation and figured what did I have to lose? Inside my head, it was another story, there were also some other thoughts going on in the background that I should have paid attention to. On the positive side, I had thoughts like he is a great person, he would be cool to work with, Id love to see him working here, and he would do it for me in a heartbeat? On the negative side, I was thinking, am I making the biggest mistake hiring him? Since I had no contacts in the area that I was employed in, I had to approach an old college contact that I hadnt kept in touch with and ask who the decision-makers of my firm were, I then made contact with a hiring manager, introduce myself and basically sold my friend curriculum vitae and line up an interview. I highlighted all positive interactions Id had achieved and some demonstrated leadership examples and past work experience that I was familiar with that seemed valid at the time. I dont know if my call had anything to do with it, but I understood that my friend got a call back for an interview later in that week. Well, a few weeks later, I asked how the interview went when we saw my friend and I was horrified to hear that my friend missed the interview. They claimed something happened with their calendar or cell phone or something and completely missed the interview. I felt like I had totally wasted the one opportunity I probably had at helping someone out with that group and now I looked like a fool for recommending someone so unprofessional. Straight after this event, my friend got an offer from another company. So, I started to wonder if this was really an honest mistake or they just blew off my company once they got other job proposals, but either way, it left me regretting my decision to help them out in the first place. I had spent considerable time, effort, and professional capital in trying to make something happen and it was all in vein. Case Study #3   A year or two later, I was approached by another friends relative who was looking to get into my field actually. They had obtained an engineering degree and wanted to get into a higher paying industry and seemed intelligent, mature and very responsible. I didnt know them very well, but because they were a relative of a good friend of mine and they genuinely seemed like a good candidate, I figured I would at least pass their curriculum vitae on. We had hung out a few times and I knew them at least well enough to pass on the curriculum vitae to the right people. This time though, due to the fact that I was burnt before, I decided to just pass on the curriculum vitae to the right person, but made no further attempts to ensure the person an interview. I researched a bit into their interests, ability to relocate, etc. and then put the curriculum vitae into the hands of some of the hiring managers. I was actually a part of the hiring process at the time, but didnt think it would be ethnical to hire that individual myself, nor did they seem like a perfect fit for my particular area that the position was available for. Strictly on merit the person made it into the next stage and without my knowledge attached my name as a reference.   When questioned I was honest and explained we didnt have any personal relationship. I had just replied that I met them a couple times and they seemed qualified, but given professionalism and personal history with them, I couldnt really make an endorsement one way or other. Well, when the friends relative called one day to check in, they pretty much alluded to the fact that the only reason they wanted to get in was so my company would pay for their further education, which is somewhat common in my field, but was not offered in their current role. They were basically looking for me to facilitate for them to take advantage of my company. Again, while I had played a very minor role in just passing an curriculum vitae along, I felt responsible for another bad situation involving nepotism or whatever you want to call it. I didnt play a major role and was curious how it panned out. Through whatever means during the interview process, I assume one of the interviewers picked up on the agenda and they opted to not extend an offer to this specific person. If they had extended an offer, what would I have been required to do, ignore the situation?   Or intervene?   I continued to question myself how and why I also got involved in these situations and was relieved when it ironed itself out through no fault of mine. After these two specific cases, Id pretty much had it with the hook me up thing. While hearing similar story from other friends of mine, I can only imagine that the outcome is always a negative one. For the one case that works out well, where 5 years later, someone looks back and says, Hey, that college buddy of mine is doing a great job and loves it here after I helped him land an interview, there are probably many more cases where someone got burned. Situation   This brings me to the most current situation. We have an acquaintance that was recently laid off and just now started looking for work again. The other day, they approached me and asked if Id forward their curriculum vitae around and speak with the hiring managers visible on the external job board. On one hand, again, with someone with a young child out of work, nice person, responsible, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦how you can just say, No, Im not helping? I barely know them on a personal level and had been burned so many times before. So, Ive agreed to pass along the curriculum vitae to someone I actually do know in the particular field whom I asked to review and forward along if they felt appropriate and I also checked around on another upcoming job posting that will go external and I passed that along as well. But I decided not to contact any hiring managers, as I dont know them, and I barely know the person as well. If things pan out their way, great it will be by natural means through the established system, and if not, I was at least honest in my reply that I had passed it along to some individuals I did know who may be looking for someone with similar qualifications which I did. But due to my past experiences and my conflicted feelings over the ethical aspect, Im not going the extra mile in trying to give them a significant advantage over other candidates coming in with no such advantages. Here are some positive outcomes of nepotism   I think there are some clear pros and cons to having current employees recommending or hiring people they know for jobs. On the positive side, you already know the person on a personal level and that could be an advantage. You would like to think this person wont make you look bad and would appreciate the opportunity that you have been awarded them. Perhaps oneday, they will help you out in a similar situation?   Lets think about the networker themselves isnt a go-getter a sign of someone with initiative someone whos going to sell your product, advance your agenda, and more importantly get results?   Well, maybe, but thats the going viewpoint. Here are some negative outcomes of nepotism   Is it right?   Is it ethical?   If you have two candidates one is rather outgoing, has tons of friends and family and has all the people voting for them for a special role; do they deserve a boost up on this next guy? Candidate 2 is rather quiet and doesnt really go out of his way to play the popularity card along people. They just work hard and get their hands dirty and maintain by doing the right thing, they will be granted the right career opportunities which their solely deserve. All other things being equal, in the real world, the truth is Candidate 1 is more likely going to get the job. But is that right? Some organisations actually have policies against nepotism and there are nepotism law cases, but the reality that it is quite pervasive in society today, almost expected. Perhaps you have your job because of nepotism.   Perhaps you were passed over for a job because you didnt know the right people.  Ã‚  Perhaps you dont even know it. Disclosure:  I landed my first job in industry by chance I was qualified and made a good impression and didnt know a single person that worked at my company. I found flyer advertising for an organisation in one of my campus halls senior year and checked it out and it eventually led to a job. In hindsight, that was sheer luck that I happened to come across that specific flier which I needed a job the most. If I hadnt landed a job post-graduation, would I have required someone I knew to hook me up?   I dont know, probably.   Wouldnt you? Case Study #4 -Some years ago I was working with a pleasant, remarkable, young man who had just joined the newspaper from a local rag. He was inexperienced and finding it hard to adjust to the relentless deadlines, but we were happy to help out and answer his questions all day. Three months later, we were informed that he had been made our boss. It didnt make any sense at the time. He was still not able to handle the everyday pressure and was the least on the desk, but he had the job. I found out later that he was related to the editor, which goes a long way to explaining his effortless rise to the top. This was a simple lesson in life. It had nothing to do with my performance or merit and everything to do with the fact that they were related; I simply could not compete on such a level. Ten years later, he has made it and prospered, and had definitely proven his worth. The media industry is common known for such nepotism. Most times parents try to secure internships and even teen columns for their student offspring, while husband and wives seek the best joint ventures they can find. The same incidents can be seen in different circles, organisations, and political lives. On the other hand, I have been coaxing a board of members that is divided over the appointment of a new director who worked with the CEO before his appointment. Even though he is clearly the most talented and experienced member of the board, no one believes he got his job on merit. So is nepotism a good or a bad thing? I take a serious view, believing that we are hard-wired to look after our family and friends. He believes that nepotism has produced both positive and negative results in everything from ancient Chinese clans to Renaissance papal lineages and American families like the Gores, Kennedys, and Bushes. Practised badly, nepotism is embarrassing to everyone, including the individual, but done well it can benefit society as a whole. In business, no one seems sure how to talk about nepotism or discuss it openly as it is a very sensitive subject. But what do you do if you find yourself managing the bosss son? Do you treat them in the same way as everyone else and risk alienating them or annoying your boss? Or do you handle them with kid gloves just in case? Nepotism conflicts fundamentally with basic American values and merit that some companies have instituted formal anti-nepotism policies. But even in organisations that claim not to tolerate nepotism, there are often clear, if not many examples of nepotism. Take Paul Wolfowitz, whose attempts to secure a pay and promotional deal for his partner, Shaha Reza, meant he lost his job at the World Bank. Its interesting to see the cultural bias at work here, too. Nepotism is considered a good thing in Asian and African companies, which are more likely based on family network. In the companies in certain Cities they have traditionally recruited from families within Britains social elite. On a recent BBC radio programme on nepotism, Dr Gillian Evans of Manchester University explained that social and family networks provide a critical safety net for upper middle classes and children who might have failed their exams or fluffed their first job. A well-placed contact could smooth over their failure, find them a job, and restore them to their rightful place in society. This can be very frustrating for those of us who dont have the luxury of a security net, who have to struggle through with grit and hard work. But is there anything we can do besides becoming consumed with envy? Is there anything we could learn for this? I suppose the most positive thing is to start developing a personal network that would work for you. There are three main things to remember. First and more importantly, network yourself to those in power all the time tell them who you are and what you can do so that if the big job comes up, your name will be on their lips all the time. Secondly, build a strong connection with all the influential contacts that you acquired, making sure they like you and care for you on a personal level. Finally, make sure that, if you get the job, you have the skills to make a success of it. You will have far less margin for error than the bosss son. How do you feel about nepotism at work? Have you experienced it in a positive or negative way? Or are you experiencing difficulty because you were the one who got a job through someone you knew? Nepotism and the affects it has on Employee Morale? Why do people prefer having their relatives or friends at their workplace? What do they want to achieve, apart from allowing their relatives or friends to work with them? According to an HR consulting firm, employing relatives or friends saves costs on recruiting and training. It is also believed to help reduce employee turnover since the relatives are highly committed to organization growing. However, most of the time, having a relative in the organization spoils the  morale of employees. What are all the reasons? Read on. When you give a relative a important position or promotion, u naturally bypass an employee with strong merits, and this spoils employee morale as a whole. Employees feel used and overlooked merely because they not specifically related to you and therefore they start looking for other opportunities to join another organisation sooner than they intended to. Employees affected by favouritism see no career opportunities in the organization and in turn lose interest in the companys growth. The level of been committed is lowed and the loyalty and more importantly the sense of ownership are lower since the employees doesnt feel like they are achieving any personal growth. The employees who supervisors the relatives of the employer find it difficult to handle them and take corrective action if necessary. This greatly affects team morale which can lead to a high level of employee attrition. How would you feel if your spouse faced you during an important official meeting? Well, organizations have different opinions on a husband and wife working together. In order to avoid conflicts or workplace stress, some organizations have created policies against both spouses working together for them. A few companies, namely the IT organizations that work with an onshore-offshore model, prefer having both the husband and wife working for them. This allows the organisation send them together to onsite projects. It helps the employers to retain their services on long-term onsite project. Nepotism can cause ill feelings on inequality that employees may react to in one way or another. The first problem you could face is to undermine the favoured workers capabilities and attempt to sabotage her projects. These efforts could result in getting her fired, however, it could result in costly mistakes and loss of time which can then potentially impact customers relations in organisations. The second reaction is an attitude of defeat. If employees assume that promotions and perks will always go to friends of the boss, they will likely less incline to do their best work to show their potential. Resentment and indifferences can lead to the reduction of productivity as well as employee turnover if workers decide that nothing will ever get better. Nepotism Effects On The Organizational Culture? Some employers feel that the level of loyalty, morale, trust and commitment of friends or relatives they hire is higher compared to others in the workplace. Control:  Unfortunately, not all family members and relatives come with the right merit to be employed for a particular position or a role. When the manager is not allowed to control an employee just because she is a relative of an employer, imagine what will happen to the companys discipline. Nepotism allows rules to be broken and can lead to a hectic situation for business owners. Ethics:  When relatives are involved, the companys ethics can get spoiled and even go into ruins. Let us take an example of one of the India-based IT giant. Despite the raise by the board members, its founder went ahead and acquired infrastructure companies owned by his sons. This led the company to lose its share by more than half and the investors to experience a greater loss. Not only was the workplace culture affected, but employee morale was also highly affected. The attrition recorded was very high. Allowing nepotism at any level creates excess damage to the organizations culture. Nepotism at the higher management or leadership level will greatly spoil the company image and growth.   When you start losing the trust of your employees.  The biggest problem which you as an employer will be facing with hiring people from your family is the possibility of your employees losing trust in you. Nepotism becomes a major problem when your employees feel that the relative who was employed isnt qualified for the job, or that someone better was rejected due to the fact that they were not related to the owner of the organisation. If it comes to this than it will be very hard for you to try and earn back the trust of your employees. And if you are unable to get your employees to trust you than for me the only solution is to start over again because without trust any business is doomed. The problem with hiring unfit people for the job.  The second most specific problem with nepotism in the workplace is that you may end up with people that dont have any qualification to suit the job specifications. Dont let your feelings get in the way when it comes to business transactions. Dont hire someone just because you believe he or she is a part of your family. Any business is just about simple math. You need to make sure that the people you hire bring value to your team and they produce a good quality product which you can make a profit of. So feelings have nothing to do with it. If the person you hired is not bringing extra value fire him or her without any regrets. How to lower employee morale.  Nepotism in the workplace will hurt you in the first few weeks no matter how qualified the person you hired is. It is inevitable for employee morale to drop when you hire someone from your family. The employee will immediately make the connection that you are preparing the person you hired for the job you currently ho

Just In Time :: essays research papers

Collaborate or Perish! The just-in-time supply model—an absolute requirement for e-commerce fulfillment—calls for closer collaboration with suppliers and partners than ever Today's corporations do not rely simply on brand loyalty. The sale now goes to companies that can implement a â€Å"just-in-time† business practice by quickly providing customized products. To do so, your organization can no longer be hierarchical. Instead, it must have an open-minded management team that can channel the necessary resources to meet demand. Consumer demand for customized products and services delivered quickly has forced retail outlets into a â€Å"We won't make it until you order it† mentality. What's more important, retailers are telling their suppliers, â€Å"We won't ask you to make it until our customers order it.† Consequently, recognizing and responding to customer demand must be instantaneous. Both vendors and suppliers require the ability to transfer information at fiber-optic speed across their distribution channel. However, speed is just one factor. Successful product management and distribution requires synchronization with suppliers at the fastest speed possible, creating a collaborative relationship with all suppliers down the chain. Your organization can no longer afford an â€Å"us vs. them† mentality with your suppliers—it must be â€Å"we.† Previously, the business model assumed that inventory existed or was in the manufacturing process, that is, â€Å"available to promise† (ATP). Today, executing the just-in-time model requires a â€Å"capable to promise† (CTP) value stream. In this article, I'll examine how your business can implement a CTP value stream and how doing so will affect relationships with suppliers. I'll also discuss the technology that is necessary to implement the just-in-time model internally as well as with multiple suppliers across the supply chain. Capable to Promise The ATP and CTP dates are extremely important, in that companies want to tell customers when they will receive their products. ATP is based on the premise that your company has a finished-goods inventory that contains fairly standard products. Companies build an inventory of products to sell, and perform an ATP calculation, providing the date for product delivery. A finished-goods inventory ensures that when the customer calls and says, â€Å"I'm looking to buy a car battery,† you have a standard supply of batteries ready for delivery. ATP also applies to goods that are in the production process. For example, your company may be in a situation where it does not immediately have the product in the finished-goods inventory, but is near enough to completion that it can guarantee delivery within a well-defined timeframe.

Ensure Technical and Academic Rigor of Programs :: Curriculum Education Careers Essays

Ensure Technical and Academic Rigor of Programs Effective career and technical education programs clearly articulate course outcomes and align content with national or state occupational skill standards. These standards, endorsed by business and industry, are designed to prepare students with skills that reflect job market requirements and address all aspects of the industry, not just skills required for single jobs. Curricula developed around these standards offer teachers a variety of strategies for improving standards in their classrooms. Ohio has developed a set of cluster guides based on the Integrated Technical and Academic Competencies (ITACS) that employers have identified as necessary for work: solving problems and thinking skillfully, communicating effectively, applying technology, and so forth. The curriculum for each of these cluster guides follows the same format. Each begins with a workplace scenario, engages students in a problem-solving approach to learning, and integrates technical and academic competencies from state and national standards. Through the scenarios outlined in the guides, students are led to construct knowledge by engaging in learning experiences and problem-solving activities that have value beyond the classroom (Vocational Instructional Materials Laboratory 1999). Projects that use the context of the workplace and the community to teach academic and technical skills offer another strategy for ensuring program rigor. Students learn best in the context of real life experiences. Sussex Technical High School in Georgetown, Delaware; William H. Turner Technical Arts High School in Miami; and Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professionals in Houston are three schools that combine rigorous academic coursework with career and technical education through hands-on activities set in real-world contexts (Roberts 1999). In this way, "students can combine what they're learning in the field or laboratory with basic writing, science, and math skills" (p. 22). "Curriculum integration, contextual and applied learning, tech prep, and team teaching have increased the academic rigor of career and technical education disciplines" (Lozada 1999, p. 16). Traditional instructional roles, however, do not support these strategies for applying academic and technical understandings to real-world problems. To involve students in learning experiences that are situated in certain physical and social contexts and require interaction with other people, teachers must assume the role of coach or mentor, encouraging students to create their own knowledge from experiences beyond the classroom. When CTE instruction supports what is known about intelligence, brain development, cognition and learning, it gives credence to initiatives that integrate academic education with career and technical education (Reese 2002). Ensure Technical and Academic Rigor of Programs :: Curriculum Education Careers Essays Ensure Technical and Academic Rigor of Programs Effective career and technical education programs clearly articulate course outcomes and align content with national or state occupational skill standards. These standards, endorsed by business and industry, are designed to prepare students with skills that reflect job market requirements and address all aspects of the industry, not just skills required for single jobs. Curricula developed around these standards offer teachers a variety of strategies for improving standards in their classrooms. Ohio has developed a set of cluster guides based on the Integrated Technical and Academic Competencies (ITACS) that employers have identified as necessary for work: solving problems and thinking skillfully, communicating effectively, applying technology, and so forth. The curriculum for each of these cluster guides follows the same format. Each begins with a workplace scenario, engages students in a problem-solving approach to learning, and integrates technical and academic competencies from state and national standards. Through the scenarios outlined in the guides, students are led to construct knowledge by engaging in learning experiences and problem-solving activities that have value beyond the classroom (Vocational Instructional Materials Laboratory 1999). Projects that use the context of the workplace and the community to teach academic and technical skills offer another strategy for ensuring program rigor. Students learn best in the context of real life experiences. Sussex Technical High School in Georgetown, Delaware; William H. Turner Technical Arts High School in Miami; and Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professionals in Houston are three schools that combine rigorous academic coursework with career and technical education through hands-on activities set in real-world contexts (Roberts 1999). In this way, "students can combine what they're learning in the field or laboratory with basic writing, science, and math skills" (p. 22). "Curriculum integration, contextual and applied learning, tech prep, and team teaching have increased the academic rigor of career and technical education disciplines" (Lozada 1999, p. 16). Traditional instructional roles, however, do not support these strategies for applying academic and technical understandings to real-world problems. To involve students in learning experiences that are situated in certain physical and social contexts and require interaction with other people, teachers must assume the role of coach or mentor, encouraging students to create their own knowledge from experiences beyond the classroom. When CTE instruction supports what is known about intelligence, brain development, cognition and learning, it gives credence to initiatives that integrate academic education with career and technical education (Reese 2002).

Tesla: Internal Combustion Engine and Electric Vehicle

Situation Analysis Tesla Motors incorporated is recognized as a leader in quality innovation for its electric powertrain engineering, performance and battery technology. Tesla was founded in 2003 with a conceptual thought of a fully electric, lithium ion powered vehicle that is eco-friendly, aesthetic appealing and a premier performance competitor. Their business plan was simple and had three steps. First, develop a high-end performance sports car to prove that electric vehicle (EV) were both cool and feasible and also can product economically.Second, develop luxury sedan/SUV that would compete with high-end brands like Mercedes, Audi and BMW. Third, mass produce low cost electric vehicles to compete in general category. In 2004, the company raised initial venture capital, while designing their first vehicle, the â€Å"Roadster†, later that year. Initially, the company was primarily funded my Elon Musk and other venture capital investors. The pooled funds fell short of the cap ital needed to fund the manufacturing facility and the latest Model S project. In 2009 Daimler bought preferred stock in Tesla for $50M and in 2010 Toyota invested $50M and Panasonic $30M in stock options.Three months after the Model S unveiling the Department of Energy announced in Jan 2010 that it would loan Tesla $465 million to bring the sedan to market as part of the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, other major manufacturer received substantially higher loan amounts, Ford was awarded $5. 9 billion, and Nissan got $1. 6 billion . In 2010 company acquired New United Motor Manufacturing Inc (NUMMI) factory in Fremont, California, which was developed as joint manufacturing facility between GM and Toyota. It’s a 5. 5 million square feet plant and contains plastics molding factory, two paint facilities, 1. miles of assembly lines, and a 50-megawatt power plant . Tesla Motors Company is trying to transform the future of electric cars by providing new mea ning to fully electric vehicles as not just only eco-friendly but also attractive and fun to drive. Most other companies tried and introduced all electric vehicles in late last century but none was able to mass produce it economically. Tesla Motors has sold over 2300 Roadster across the world, delivered its first Model S in June 2012 and is currently building its electric sedan at a rate of 80 per week rate (Sep 2012).This vehicle completely set itself apart from its competitor with its efficiency, performance and technology breakthroughs. The company plans is to build 5,000 by the end of 2012 and increase its production to 20,000 cars in 2013. Being a small and startup player in electric auto industry, Tesla Motors has freedom to build the sales model from ground zero that’s very untraditional. Forget traditional dealerships, their Tesla’s main sales locations are in malls and their cars are delivered directly to customers. 2. 1 Market Summary Why electric vehicle?Ris ing gasoline prices, depleting oil reserves, growing pollution, increasing environment awareness, is creating the market for clean and efficient vehicles. There’s no doubt in my mind that in near future this will become the preferred mode of transportation across the world. Currently EV technology is at its infancy but commitment from government and manufacturer will soon take it to next level by building the infrastructure for next generation vehicles. 2. 1. 1 Market Demographics a)Geographics Tesla Motors is a California based company that currently operates in Northa America, Europe, and Japan.All sales are handled through its headquarters in North America, with brokerage service centers located in major metropolitan areas, such as Paris, London, Munich and Tokyo. Tesla has a minute number of stores, when compared to other automobile competitors. A large portion of Tesla’s sales are handled online, which minimializes costs, and adds to the company’s overall e fficiency. Shopping malls, in upscale city centers, in addition to affluent regions of the country that with have a high technological demandappreciate the latest technological developments, are among a few other key points the company considers when entering a new market.With gas prices continuing to move upwards, Tesla’s sale centers will most likely spreadfan to less populated regions as the demand for more economically efficient vehicle increases. b)Demographics Targeted customers are educated affluentrich males who are early adopters in their 30s, 40s, and 50s+ who are in market for performance sports car with pricing range $50,000 and up . c)Psychographics Environmentally conscious customers who want great performance car with zero tailpipe emission manufactured and assembled in U. S. d)BehaviorsModel S will provide customers the option who want alternative to traditional gasoline engine sports performance car with next generation technology. 2. 1. 2 Market Needs Electr ic Vehicle (EVs) technology presents a ready, viable and clear way to reduce our emissions. also tTheir design is very simple compared to other conventional gasoline power automobiles as they don’t need traditional drive shafts and gear box to transform the power from engine to wheel. EVs have electric motor directly coupled to drive wheels, which is powered by rechargeable battery packs.EVs have some key advantages over internal combustion engines . †¢Electric vehicle efficiency is 3. 75 times that of internal combustion engine. †¢Eco-friendly as no tailpipe gases output. †¢Very smooth operation due lack of gear box. †¢Quiet driving experience. 2. 1. 3 Market Trends In 2011, the total sales of electric vehicles reached 18,000, with the help of GM’s Volt and Nissan’s Leaf. When comparing the 2011 U. S. total sales for each electric vehicle manufacturer, with the 2012 sales forecast, the growth potential looks quite impressive.Expectations are assumed to increase upwards to 300% year over year . According to â€Å"Global & United States Electric Vehicles Market Forecast & Opportunities, 2017† the electric vehicle market will witness phenomenal growth in the near future . In 2011 total global revenue from this market was close to 54 Billion USD, showing some promise for environmentally friendly vehicles. For the most part, consumers are cautious when a unique product is introduced to the market. As more electric cars are introduced, consumer confidence will rise, assuming the quality is still maintained.Tesla has a worldwide presence, which means economies, foreign and abroad, need be taken into consideration. The 2013 worldwide trend for auto manufacturing will be incorporating efficiency and connectivity in current and new vehicle models. Electric vehicle design and creation came in third on the auto industries radar. The economic conditions worldwide pose some risk to the automotive industry. When looking at GDP for developed market, aggregately, it has been on a declining more then increasing since 2006.With the contraction, comes a fiscal squeeze to the consumers’ disposable income. In tangentConsequently, inessential items, such as performance electric vehicles, are put lower on consumer demand list. This section should include some information in all the subcategories listed. Demographic trends: Babyboomers have more disposable income than Gen X and Gen Y. There are lots of sources of that. Technological: Include some information about expensive technological innovations consumers have accepted such as iPads, LCD TVs, etc. While many people in the U.S. are suffering from the effects of the recession, others are able to buy expensive technologies for their personal enjoyment. Cultural: Increase in environmental awareness. Lots of articles about that. Regulatory: Tax breaks for electric cars. Economic: Not everyone has been equally affected by the recession. The increase in the co st of gasoline provides an incentive to choose more fuel efficient vehicles. 2. 1. 4 Market Growth All major automakers are preparing to launch electric and hybrid vehicle in wide-range of categories in next five years.The market for electric vehicle will be very competitive and depend upon economy and primarily on gasoline price. Model S fills a void in current luxury market for electric vehicle as currently there’s no real competitive product out in market to compete that could match its performance, style and efficiency. Overall cost of ownership will definitely draw buyers from similar priced gasoline models from BMW, Mercedes and Audi. Model S looks out to be a successful product as company has sold out Model S production orders for 2012 year.Projected market growth for next 4 years. Source: CSM Auto and J. P. Morgan 2. 2 Competition Tesla Model S is designed to position as high-tech luxury sedan car that deliver the sports performance without compromising it efficiency while maintaining zero tailpipe emission. Model S will also challenge the traditional dealership sales model as its based upon Apple retail approach that position the company as independent and innovative. Tesla will compete with all other EVs, hybrid and also gasoline vehicles in automobile market.Overall in current luxury market its competitors will be Audi, BMW and Mercedes. While Tesla has no direct competitors at this time, some prestigious automakers have achieved remarkable levels of fuel efficiency. You need to look at some of the German car makes such as BMW and Audi. You should also see what electric cars are being planned for the future. 2. 3 SWOT 2. 3. 1 Strength’s Tesla is currently one of the only high performance electric vehicles on the market, with exception to the Fisker Karma, allowing for the company to be first in line for consumers as well as investors.Being that it is the first of its kind; the company has attracted a number of young, talented engineers , a highly qualified CEO, and a number of interested third parties. With a Department of Energy loan, helping subsidize its facility, and orders piling up, the company is not short on market orders. Tesla has already established a worldwide presence with dealerships located in many of the major cities. The product itself is fully customizable, allowing each individual consumer to have a hand in the overall process at a price that rivals other premier sports vehicles such as Porsche, Mercedes and BMW. 2. . 2 Weakness’s The company itself is young and thus holds some immaturity in the automobile market today. It has 24 locations in North America and an additional 14 worldwide . It plans to open an additional 10 stores this coming year with costs estimated at $500,000- $1,000,000 depending on the market. One key disadvantage to the automobile maker is its unreliable cash flow. The current roadster model is too expensive for the average consumer, and in the current economic envir onment sales are essential. With additional capital flowing into store construction, future earnings could be affected downward.The low availability of electric charging stations. 2. 3. 3 Opportunities The Model S is the next generation of Tesla Motors incorporated. The lower price point, starting at $49,900, is much more attractive to the average consumer. The Model S has opened additional doors for Tesla; on March of 2012, Athlon Leasing signed an agreement to purchase 150 vehicles for its inventory across Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands. Once acquired, 50% of Athlon’s Model S inventories were immediately put on hold by their consumers .Consumers today are more aware of their individual carbon footprint and are thus in search of a more sustainable option when it comes to vehicles. With future technology being smaller, faster and cheaper, we can expect the charge rate for the lithium-ion technology to improve, becoming more attractive to your dista nt commuter and or additional energy sources to be invented. As of now, there is a 300 mile cap on the new Model S. Assuming our economy continues to rely on foreign oil supply and not up our efforts in North America; the price of gasoline is expected to climb above and beyond inflation. INSERT GRAPH) As the cost of owning a hybrid, and or full combustion vehicle trends upward due to the gasoline variable, you’ll see a shift from these vehicles to full electric due to the foregone opportunity. Tesla is also looking to develop additional models at lower price points. They have and SUV, the Model X, which isn’t cheaper, but on the right track to consumer needs with expanding their inventory. Lastly, Tesla Motors incorporated not only looks to be branded by as an auto manufacturer, but also as a resource to other industry leaders.It currently supplies electric powertrains to other automakers, including Toyota for its RAV4 Electric. It is also working with SolarCity, anoth er company Musk has invested in, to supply batteries to back up WalMart’s solar panels at 90 stores . 2. 3. 4Threats Other companies will be Tesla’s biggest threat. With consumer demand continuing to grow for a low cost, fully electric vehicle option, it’s only a matter of time before major auto manufacturers such as Ford, General Motors, Nissan, and Toyota enter the market. With visible market share already present, this poses a huge threat to Tesla’s continued demand and thus bottom line.The comparable expected production from these major automakers will be more expensive than average gasoline fueled vehicles, but all less than the Model S. Elon Musk stated, â€Å"We can show that it's technologically possible to other manufacturers. If Tesla doesn’t make it I hope we have nonetheless served that purpose. I don't want to sound dour but it's definitely going to be a tough six months. † In addition, there are some possible downsides to using a fully electric vehicle. One, being if the Model S is left uncharged for greater than 11 weeks and the battery itself is rendered useless.Not covered under warranty, this could pose some issues for major rental arenas such as airports, who do not have the charging capacity for their entire inventory. Once the battery is discharged, it is rendered useless and would need to be replaced in order for the vehicle to be fully operational. The costs to maintenance in replacing the lithium ion battery can be upwards to $40,000 per vehicle . Two, manufacturing and labor costs, inefficient production and high prices for parts, could shy investor and consumers from the company as a whole.On that note, TSLA shares fell 9. 78%, after possible sale rumors surfaced, and ill production numbers hit for the third quarter 2012 for Tesla Motors incorporated. With this lowered guidance, expected gross margins could be impacted negatively due to the Model S delivery limitations. A total of 2,700 to 3,2 50 units are expected to be produced, down from the previous expectation of 5,000. Consumers may find the inefficient use of capital a point of weakness in the young company, and thus hold off on purchases until Tesla maturity is rendered.